I'm trying to make sense of those first two pics. This seems to be the problem.
the metal clad switch with the red, yellow, blue wires coming out of it seems to be a two way switch to operate the bathroom light in conjunction with the pull cord.
If the brown and blue wires leading off to the left go to your pull cord, then the old (broke) pull cord switch was being used two way. The bare copper earth wire is being used as the common live.
So it's not an earth wire at all!
If you want to continue to use that metal switch in pic 2, then that bit of brown/blue cable in pic 1 needs repacing with 3 core to the light switch. I think the problems you have been having are all because the earth wire is being used as a live wire, and now that is a problem at the new pull switch.
Is your new pull switch 2 way?
Can you replace the 2 core cable with 3 core without too much difficulty?
getting somewhere now !