***Useful Information for Apprentices***

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“ General Health and Safety at Work “

Question 1.1
What do the letters CDM stand for ?
A: Control of Demolition and Management Regulations
B: Control of Dangerous Materials Regulations
C: Construction (Demolition Management) Regulations
D: Construction (Design and Management Regulations ) Answer: D )
Question 1.2
Identify one method of enforcing regulations that are
available to the Health and Safety Executive:
A: Health Notice
B: Improvement Notice
C: Obstruction Notice
D: Increasing insurance premiums
Answer: B Improvement notices require action to achieve standards which meet health and safety law :
Question 1.3
What happens if a Prohibition Notice is issued by an
Inspector of the local authority or the HSE ?
A: The work in hand can be completed, but no new work started
B: The work can continue if adequate safety precautions are put in place
C: The work that is subject to the notice must cease
D: The work can continue, provided a risk assessment is carried out,
Answer: C The work covered by a prohibition notice must cease until the identified danger is removed.
Question 1.4
Health and Safety Executive Inspector can ?
A: Only visit if they have made an appointment
B: Visit at any time
C: Only visit if accompanied by the principal contractor
D: Only visit to interview the site manager
Answer: B Inspectors have a range of powers, including the right to visit premises at any time.
Question 1.5
A Prohibition Notice means:
A: When you finish the work you must not start again
B: The work must stop immediately
C: Work is to stop for that day only
D: Work may continue until the end of the day
Answer: B The work activity covered by the prohibition notice must cease, until the identified danger is removed ,
Question 1.6
In what circumstances can an HSE Improvement Notice be issued ?
A: If there is a breach of legal requirements
B: By warrant through the police
C: Only between Monday and Friday on site
Answer: A Improvement notices require action to achieve standards which meet health and safety law .
Question 1.7
What is an “Improvement Notice”?
A: A notice issued by the site principal contractor to tidy up the site
B: A notice from the client to the principal contractor to speed up the work
C: A notice issued by a Building Control Officer to deepen foundations
D: A notice issued by an HSE/local authority Inspector to enforce compliance with health
Answer: D Improvement notices require action to achieve standards which meet health and safety law .
Question 1.8
If a Health and Safety Executive Inspector issues a“ Prohibition Notice”, this means that:
A: the Site Manager can choose whether or not to ignore the notice
B: specific work activities, highlighted on the notice, must stop
C: the HSE must supervise the work covered by the notice
D: the HSE must supervise all work from then on
Answer: B Prohibition notices are intended to Stop activities which can cause serious injury.
Question 1.9
Which one of the following items of information will you find on the Approved Health and Safety Law poster?
A: Details of emergency escape routes
B: The location of the local HSE office
C: The location of all fire extinguishers
D: The identity of the first aiders
Answer: B The poster also lists the persons with health and safety responsibilities, but not first aiders.
Question 1.10
Who is responsible for signing a Company Safety Policy ?
A: Site Manager
B: Company Safety Officer
C: Company Secretary
D: Managing Director
Answer: D The Health and Safety at Work Act requires the most senior member of management to sign the health and safety policy
statement.

Question 1.11
Which one of the following must be in a company’s written Health and Safety Policy:
A: Aims and objectives of the company
B: Organisation and arrangements in force for carrying out the health and safety policy
C: Name of the Health and Safety Adviser
D: Company Director’s home address
Answer: B This requirement appears in the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Question 1.12
Employers have to produce a written Health and Safety Policy statement when:
A: A contract commences
B: They employ five people or more
C: The safety representative requests it
D: The HSE notifies them
Answer: B This is a specific requirement of the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Question 1.13
Companies employing five or more people must have a written Health and Safety Policy because:
A: The principal contractor gives them work on site
B: The HSAWA 1974 requires it
C: The Social Security Act requires it
D: The trade unions require it
Answer: B
Question 1.14
What do the letters HSC stand for ?
A: Health and Safety Contract
B: Health and Safety Consultant
C: Health and Safety Conditions
D: Health and Safety Commission Answer: D
Question 1.15
Which ONE of the following statements is correct ? The Health and Safety Executive is:
A: a prosecuting authority
B: an enforcing authority
C: a statutory provisions authority
Answer: B The Health and Safety Executive enforces health and safety legislation.
Question 1.16
The Health and Safety at Work Act requires employers to provide what for their employees?
A: Adequate rest periods
B: Payment for work done
C: A safe place of work
D: Suitable transport to work
Answer: C This is a specific requirement of Section 2 of the Health and Safety at Work Act.
Question 1.17
The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and any regulations made under the Act are:
A: Not compulsory, but should be complied with if convenient
B: Advisory to companies and individuals
C: Practical advice for the employer to follow
D: Legally binding Answer: D
Question 1.18
Under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, which of the following have a duty to work safely?
A: Employees only
B: The general public
C: Employers only
D: All people at work
Answer: D Employers, employees and the self-employed all have a duty to work safely under the Act.
Question 1.19
What is the MAXIMUM penalty that a Higher Court, can currently impose for a breach of the Health and Safety at Work Act?
A: £20,000 fine and two years imprisonment
B: £15,000 fine and three years imprisonment
C: £1,000 fine and six months imprisonment
D: Unlimited fine and two years imprisonment
Answer: D A Lower Court can impose a fine of up to £20,000 and/or up to six months imprisonment for certain offences. The potential fine in a Higher Court, however, is unlimited and the term of imprisonment can be up to 2 years.
Question 1.20
What do the letters ACoP stand for ?
A: Accepted Code of Provisions
B: Approved Condition of Practice
C: Approved Code of Practice
D: Accepted Code of Practice
Answer: C An ACOP is a code of practice approved by the Health and Safety Commission.

Question 1.21
Where should you look for Official advice on health and safety matters?
A: A set of health and safety guidelines provided by suppliers
B: The health and safety rules as laid down by the employer
C: Guidance issued by the Health and Safety Executive
D: A professionally approved guide book on regulations
Answer: C The HSE is the UK enforcing body and its guidance can be regarded as ‘official’
Question 1.22
Regulations that govern health and safety on construction sites:
A: apply only to inexperienced workers
B: do not apply during ’out of hours’ working
C: apply only to large companies
D: are mandatory ( that is, compulsory )
Answer: D The requirements of health and safety law are mandatory, and failure to follow them can lead to prosecutions.
Question 1.23
Which of the following statements is correct ?
A: The duty for health and safety falls only on the employer
B: All employees must take reasonable care, not only to protect themselves but also their colleagues
C: Employees have no responsibility for Health and Safety on site
D: Only the client is responsible for safety on site
Answer: B The responsibility for management of Health and Safety Act at Work rests with the employer
Question 1.25
Which of the following is correct for risk assessment?
A: It is a good idea but not essential
B: Only required to be done for hazardous work
C: Must always be done
D: Only required on major jobs
Answer: C There is a legal requirement for all work to be suitably risk assessed.
Question 1.26
In the context of a risk assessment, what do you understand by the term risk?
A: An unsafe act or condition
B: Something with the potential to cause injury
C: Any work activity that can be described as dangerous
D: The likelihood that harm from a particular hazard will occur
Answer: D Hazard and risk are not the same. Risk reflects the chance of being harmed by a hazard
Question 1.27
Who would you expect to carry out a risk assessment on your working site?
A: The site planning supervisor
B: A visiting HSE Inspector
C: The construction project designer
D: A competent person
Answer: D A risk assessment must be conducted by a 'competent person’.
Question 1.28
What is a HAZARD ?
A: Where an accident is likely to happen
B: An accident waiting to happen
C: Something with the potential to cause harm
D: The likelihood of something going wrong
Answer: C Examples of hazards include: a drum of acid, breeze blocks on an elevated plank; cables running across a floor.
Question 1.29
What must be done before any work begins ?
A: Emergency plan
B: Assessment of risk
C: Soil assessment
D: Geological survey
Answer: B This is a legal requirement of the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations.
Question 1.30
Complete the following sentence: A risk assessment
A: is a piece of paper required by law
B: prevents accidents
C: is a means of analysing what might go wrong
D: isn’t particularly useful
Answer: C Risk assessment involves a careful review of what can cause harm and the practical measures to be taken to reduce the risk of harm.

 

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Mains input switches should be suitably placed on the machines, and the "On" and "Off" positions properly identified and accessible.
- All phases should be disconnected by the operation of the switch.
- An effective over-current protection device (e.g. a fuse) should be provided in each phase of the circuit and arranged so as to disconnect the electricity supply to the equipment in the event of overload or short circuit.

REPAIRS :
- During repairs, protective covers may have to be removed thereby exposing live parts.
- In these circumstances the hazard to be avoided is that of making a circuit from the high voltage conductor to another conductor or to earth via the human body, with risk of fatal injury.

- Electrical systems may involve a mains transformer, which reduces the voltages in the secondary to values less than 50 volts AC. In such a system the main risk will therefore be on the connections to the input to the primary.

** RCDs will not protect a person touching both live and neutral conductors. **

** The IEE Regulations state that all installations outside the equipotential zone, i.e. external/outdoor from the main installation should be protected by RCDs. The Regulations make it clear, however, that reliance on this form of protection is not acceptable as the sole or main means of protecting persons from electric shock. RCDs may only be used as a useful backup to primary safeguards such as insulation, enclosure, low voltage etc. **

* ( BS = British Standard )

Testing Process : 1 Visual Inspection : Class 1 Appliances : Yes : Class 2 Appliances : Yes 2 Earth : Class 1 Appliances : Yes : Class 2 Appliances : N/A 3 Insulation Test : Class 1 Appliances : Yes : Class 2 Appliances : Yes 4 Leakage Test : Class 1 Appliances : Yes : Class 2 Appliances : Yes 5 Load Test : Class 1 Appliances : Yes : Class 2 Appliances : Yes

* Single cables. Used throughout the industry, single cable comprise a central solid or stranded conductor which is given a single layer of insulation. The Insulation may be PVC, XLPE, LSF or some other specialist insulator depending on the application. Conductors are normally copper, although aluminium conductors used to be used.
Single cables require mechanical protection. They are commonly enclosed in conduit or trunking.

* Steel Wire Armoured cable (SWA). Used for installation in underground, external or exposed situations, SWA cabling is probably the most common cable for mains distribution although it is extensively used in smaller sizes as well. It generally comprises central copper or aluminium conductors which are insulated usually with XLPE. The conductors are protected against damage by steel wires and the whole cable is sheathed in a protective plastic outer sheath. Available in all sizes and current ratings that are likely to be encountered within a normal building. Specialist SWA cables are available such as Paper Insulated Lead Sheathed (PILC) but are rarely used in building services.

* Mineral Insulated Copper Clad Cable (MICC). (sometimes called MICS copper sheathed) This is a specialist cable that has copper inner conductors that are insulated with a mineral compound. The cable has an outer sheath of copper and can be further protected against the atmosphere by a outer plastic sheath. MICC is available in Heavy & Light gauges. Sizes above 35mm² are usually single core cable. MICC is expensive to purchase and specialist skills are needed to install it. However, it is long lived, is smaller that an equivalent SWA cable and importantly is fire proof. Hence it can be used to serve emergency services where the cable is required to remain in use during fire conditions

* Twin & Earth Cable (T&E) - Possibly the cheapest and easiest wiring to install twin & earth cable comprises a central conductor (usually solid) which has PVC insulation. Two insulated conductors are combined with a third uninsulated conductor (used as a CPC) and all three are enclosed in an outer PVC sheath. Variants are available with additional cores (Triple & Earth).
Twin & Earth cable is used in the vast majority of domestic installations, as well as in budget commercial applications, and other installations where funds are limited.
It lacks the protection possessed by other forms of cable unless enclosed in conduit. T&E wiring can become messy in all but the simplest of wiring applications. Also, it can be hard to rewire (as opposed to singles in conduit).
T&E cable is not highly suitable for most industrial applications, neither can it be used where there is a requirement for LSF cable.

* Flexible Cables. Used where a item of equipment is connected to an outlet or other termination. Flexible wiring is needed if it is likely that the equipment may move or vibrate in normal use. Many forms of flexible cable exist with many different forms of insulation. They all tend to have multistranded conductors and are all able to be flexed and bent without undue stress being placed on the conductor. ←←←

* Trunking. A form of containment that having a hollow box shaped section, and available in linear lengths. Trunking is available in both PVC and steel. PVC trunking can range in size from 15x15mm up to 150x150mm or even bigger and is quick and easy to install. Steel trunking affords better protection but is harder to install. Steel trunking comes in sizes from 50x50mm up to 300x300 and above.
Trunking is particularly suitable for use with single cables where many circuits can be contained in a single trunking (subject to compliance with BS7671 segregation regulations). Twin & Earth cables can also be protected by trunking.

* Conduit. Still by far the most common form of containment. Conduit comprises lengths of robust tube, available in set sizes 20mm, 25mm & 32mm. Conduit is available in both PVC and Steel form. PVC conduit is available in light & heavy duty grades and is relatively easy to install, requiring basic tools & adhesive to install. Steel conduit affords better protection than PVC but requires specialist tools and knowledge to install. It is available in Black Enamel (painted) finish or Galvanised finish (for exterior applications). Properly installed steel conduit can be used as a CPC.←←←

Conduit can be surface mounted or buried (flush) in walls. It is used extensively with single cables and Twin & Earth (for protection down walls ect.). Flexible conduit is not a direct variant of standard conduit, it is commonly formed from spiral arrangements of toughened PVC, steel or aluminium. The construction allows the conduit to be flexed and is normally used in short lengths to serve equipment and or items that may need to be moved.

* Cable Tray. Cable tray is a form of steel traywork, available in linear lengths which is used in industrial and commercial situations as a support for cables which are installed in free air (such as SWA and MICC cables) Cable tray is normally available in sizes between 50mm wide and 900mm wide, in a range of gauges light, medium & heavy duty. It is usually supplied galvanised, although special finishes such as power coating are sometimes used.
In recent years, plastic based alternatives have been developed.

* Cable Basket - Cable basket is a variant of cable tray. It comprises a basket like linear wire system which, although not a structurally strong as cable tray, is lighter and easier to install. It is commonly used for support of light cabling such as data & telephone wiring and has seen great increases in use with the advent of structured cabling systems.

* Floor trunking. A form of trunking that is specially adapted for installation within floor voids, or screeds. It commonly has two or more compartments enabling segregation and hence is used for 230V services as well as data and telecommunication systems. It is often fitted with custom floorboxes. Space restrictions can mean limited room in floor trunking and the number of cables able to be installed can present problems

 

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* Powertrack. A specialist form of trunking that contains busbars. This system is far smaller than the busbar distribution systems used in mains distribution. It is commonly rated at no more than 63A and is installed in floor or ceiling voids. Take off sockets are installed at regular intervals to allow the "Plugging in" of floorboxes, sockets and other equipment. Variants are available with clean earth facilities. This type containment is common in office premises as well as industrial situations ( Definitions p/27)

* Floor boxes - Commonly installed in conjunction with floor trunking systems or powertrack systems. Recessed floor boxes can be installed into a cavity floor or screeded floor. They comprise one or more compartments and accessory boxes which can be used to terminate many different services at one box. This enables users to plug in 230V power, data and telephones etc. at the same position, maybe under a desk. Common in open plan office developments.

- Modular systems - This phrase covers a wide range of various types of system, all of which are modular in their use and installation. Includes pre-wired conduits and trunking as well as modern systems which are wired on a "spider" system using pre-cut lengths of prewired flexible conduit or other flexible wiring. These systems have the great advantage of speed and ease of installation. They are popular in office type installations where large numbers of recessed fluorescent luminaires may be installed.

 

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Additional Letters are Optional ( such as ↔ IPXXB ↔ ) and they indicate the Degree of Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts :
* Additional Letters used in the IP code : A ↔ ( Protected against access with the back of the hand : Definition : the access probe. A sphere of 50mm diameter. Is required to have adequate clearance from hazardous parts , B ↔ ( Protected against access with a finger : Definition : the jointed test finger of 12mm diameter and 80mm length is required to have adequate clearance from hazardous parts : C ↔ ( Protected against access with tool : Definition : the access probe of 2.5mm diameter and 100mm length is required to have adequate clearance from hazardous parts : D ↔ ( Protected against access with a Wire : Definition : the access probe of 1mm diameter and 100mm length is required to have adequate clearance from
hazardous parts : BS-EN 60529 . Degrees of protection provided by enclosures ( IP )

 

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CSCS ← ← ←
Construction Signs are used on building and construction sites to show site safety policy requirements including PPE ( personal protection equipment ) rules.
Mandatory ↔ ( MUST OBEY ) ↔ Blue background with White Symbol ← ← ←
** The most popular construction safety signs are :-
"safety helmets, boots and vests to be worn at all times"

CSCS ←←←
A "prohibition sign" ↔ ( STOP/MUST NOT ) ↔ means a safety sign prohibiting behaviour likely to cause a risk to health or safety. These health & safety signs are required to be red. A prohibition sign shall show only what or who is forbidden. Prohibition safety signs generally use a black safety symbol in a red circle with a diagonal cross through.
** No Smoking symbol only - safety sign
** Description: prohibition > no smoking safety sign. no smoking symbol - cigarette & smoke in black with red prohibition circle & line through, white text on red background.
** No Smoking. it is against the law to smoke in these premises ( Red on White background ) ←←← -&-

CSCS A " ↔ WARNING SIGN ↔ " means a safety sign giving a warning of a risk to health or safety. Safety warning signs are required to be yellow or amber.
** construction site keep out - safety sign
** danger men at work
( Risk of Danger Hazard ahead ↔ Yellow background with ↔ Black Border ) ← ← ← -&-

 

[Stringbags]

Hi Amberleaf,

I have been teaching since 1992 and it would be difficult to find information better than that which you have provided, I am sure that the sparky community are very grateful, as so am I, but have you thought about writing all this down and producing a book, I for one would buy it.

Thanks from me and all of my apprentices.

Stringbags

 

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CSCS First Aid signs indicate the measures, means or personnel to give first aid in the event of an accident or injury.
** first aid cross symbol : Background Colour: Green .←←← -&- Text Colour: White
↔ ( SAFE WAY TO GO ) Safe Condition ↔ Green background with White Symbol ,

-&- are looking for ?
* Prohibition ! Red/White .
* Mandatory ! Must Obey . Blue background with White Symbol .
* Warning ! Risk of Danger Hazard ahead Yellow background with Black Border .
* Safe Way to Go : Safe-Condition . Green background with White Symbol .

Remember !! There are Four Type of Safety Sign in General Use -&- :This will get you buy a lot of things if you start with this principle

" prohibition sign " ↔ Round !!
“ Mandatory “ ↔ Round !!
“ WARNING SIGN “ ↔ Triangle !!
“ Safe Condition “ ↔ Square !!

Safety Signs & Their Meanings : CSCS :
Colour Red :
Meaning or purpose : Prohibition Sign ↔ Danger Alarm : Instructions and information ↔ ( Dangerous behaviour )
Meaning or purpose : Danger Alarm : Instructions and information ↔ ( Stop )
Meaning or purpose : Fire Fighting : Instructions and information ↔ ( Shutdown ↔ ( Emergency cut out devices ) ↔ ( Evacuate ) ↔ ( Identification and location )

Colour Yellow or Amber : Meaning or purpose : Warning Sign ↔ Be careful : Instructions and information ↔ ( take precautions ) ↔ ( Examine )

Colour Blue : Meaning or purpose : Mandatory Sign : Instructions and information ↔ ( Specific behaviour or action ) ↔ ( Wear personal protective equipment )

Colour Green : Meaning or purpose : Emergency Escape : Instructions and information ↔ ( Doors )
Meaning or purpose : ( First Aid Sign ) ↔ Instructions and information ↔ ( Exits )
Meaning or purpose : ( No danger ) ↔ Instructions and information ( Routes )
Instructions and information ↔ Equipment
Instructions and information ↔ Facilities
Instructions and information ↔ Return to normal

These ↔ Mandatory signs ↔ comply with BS5499 and The Safety Signs and Signals Regulations 1996. Mandatory signs - Instruct, advise and inform staff and visitors of an action that must be carried out to secure a safer working environment. Colour - blue symbol and background, white text. Symbol –

Eye protection safety sign.
Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Anyone entering these premises must comply with regulations covered by the above act safety sign.

Fragile Roof Safety Signs manufactured to comply with The Safety Signs and Signals Regulations 1996
Access and Security Hazard Warning Sign. ( Danger fragile roof safety sign.) PS two different Signs ******
This safety sign gives warning to the danger of a fragile roof and ensures that caution is made. For safety, the sign also instructs the action to use crawling boards.
( be careful -&- may put up the ( Q :. danger of a fragile roof ) ↔ A : you may put up use crawling boards.

It may be handy to ask your Tutors for , The Heath & Safety Signs & Signal Posters , this will help your H&S

Barrier Tape !! what do you think ? Yellow & Black . Hint Warning

This British Standard outlines
• The arrow to be used with an escape route sign. →
• The arrow to be used with any other safe condition safety sign such as a first aid safety sign.
• The arrow to be used with a fire equipment safety sign.
• The arrow to be used with any other safe condition safety sign such as a first aid safety sign.
• The arrow to be used with a fire equipment safety sign.

How to assess the risks in your workplace
Follow the five steps :-
Step 1 ( Identify the hazards )
Step 2 ( Decide who might be harmed and how )
Step 3 ( Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions )
Step 4 ( Record your findings and implement them )
Step 5 ( Review your assessment and update if necessary )

 

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Carrying out a Risk Assessment

As well as the level of voltage, charge or current and the nature of the environment, there are a number of other factors that need to be considered when you are assessing the risk of injury arising from electrical testing work. A risk assessment should be carried out
before testing begins, to help you identify the precautions you need to take.

Some questions to ask when carrying out the risk assessment are :-
(a) Can the work be done with the equipment dead or energised at a safe voltage or current ?
(b) Is it absolutely necessary for someone to be working on or near to equipment that is live at dangerous voltages or current levels ?
(c) What is the maximum voltage on conductors that will be exposed during the work activity ?
(d) Are the testers competent? Are they adequately trained and knowledgeable to do the particular work and ensure that others are not put at risk ?
(e) If testers are not considered fully competent, are they adequately supervised ?
(f) What physical safeguards should be applied to the equipment under test to prevent injury, e.g. ? the use of temporary or permanent screens ?
(g) Is the test instrumentation of safe design ? Has it been properly maintained ?
(h) Is it necessary to set up a permanent test area separate from the rest of the workplace, where equipment can be taken for testing ? Is it necessary to set up a temporary test area around the equipment ?

'competent person'
In law, to be 'competent' means you have the necessary skills and experience, both theoretical and practical, to carry out inspections of the items placed before you.

Only you can decide if you are indeed competent to inspect a particular item,

What is an Accident ? PS . this may come up CSCS -&-
* An accident is an Unforeseen . unplanned and uncontrolled event . ←
* An accident is an Unfortunate . event resulting especially from carelessness or ignorance . ←

Accidents lead to injury to persons . damage to plane ( machinery/equipment ) or other losses .
Some accidents leads to serious injury , fatality or serious damage to property .

CSCS .
Reporting Accidents – Summary .
* All Accidents need to be reported and entered into the Accident Book ← -&- Q/As

* Serious Accidents and those where Employees are absent as a result of an Accident for more than three days must be reported to the Enforcing Authority ↔ ( Health & Safety Executive ) ***

Good practices:

CSCS : Ladders
Ladders are acceptable only for access or work of short duration.
They should be :-
Safe use of Ladders : * The ladder should be placed at a suitable angle, ideally at about ( 75° ← ) to the horizontal, i.e. about → ( 1m ) out of every → ( 4m ) in height. The user should face the ladder when climbing or descending. ↔ ( remember -&- on this one )
* erected at correct angle ( 4 up to 1 out) ↔ ( remember -&- on this one )
* secured ( preferably at top ) or footed
* positioned close to the work to avoid over-reaching
* sufficiently protected at the base of any ladder or access equipment to prevent pedestrians or vehicles bumping into them.

What is hand-arm vibration syndrome ? PS. This will come up -&-
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is a general term embracing various kinds of damage caused by exposing the hands to vibration. The more widely known of these is vibration white finger (VWF), which results from damage to blood vessels. Other forms of damage may be to the nerves and muscles of the fingers and hands, causing numbness and tingling, loss of feeling and reduced grip strength. People who have hand-arm vibration syndrome may also have an
increased risk of suffering from carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Pain and stiffness in the hands and joints of the
wrist, elbows and shoulders are other possible symptoms. HAVS and CTS are reportable diseases under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR ).

Q - What is hand-arm vibration syndrome ? A - the amount of vibration ; ****
Q- What are the symptoms ? A- the length of time for which the hands are exposed to the vibration ; ****

Provide the right equipment.
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 require employers to select and provide work equipment
that is suitable, with regard to the health and safety risks (including vibration) posed by the use of that equipment.

Everyone is required to ensure that the equipment used in their business conforms to the essential health and
safety requirements ( EHSRs) - in the case of vibration, the risks should be reduced to a minimum.
Under the Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations1992 (as amended 1994) there is a duty on manufacturers and suppliers of power tools to design, manufacture and supply tools for which risks from vibration have been reduced to the lowest level

Typical vibration exposure for powered handheld tools . meanings big jack hammers & other tools -&- may ask this !!!!!!!

Personal protection
“ Anti-Vibration Gloves “ are unlikely to reduce the dominant, low-frequency energy vibration from tools

Hand Arm Vibration :
WHAT SORT OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT CAN CAUSE VIBRATION INJURY ?

Industry : Type of Vibration ↔ Construction ↔ Common Source of Vibration ↔ Pneumatic tools, Jackhammers .
Concrete breakers ↔ Power hammers and chisels ↔ Pedestal grinders ↔ Hammer drills ↔ Hand-held grinders ↔ Hand-held sanders

* Safety Signs and Signals are one of the main means of communicating health and safety information.
* In view of their importance, it is critical that all Safety Signs and Signals can be easily understood.
* There are specific requirements for the shape, colour and pattern of Safety Signs.
* Any sign must contain a symbol or pictogram and be of a specified colour which clearly defines its meaning.
* Supplementary text may also be used to aid understanding, but text-only signs are not permitted.

 

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CSCS : Colour: Yellow or Amber : -&- may use the colour !! Amber ←←←

Banksmans ←← signals : they are used on Site !! CSCS .
Using banksmen to control reversing operations can put the Banksman in the potential danger area of a reversing vehicle. Every year banksmen suffer serious and fatal injuries whilst at work. If you do use banksmen, make sure they are trained to carry out their duties safely. There must be a safe system of work that ensures the Banksman and driver are using standard signals, so that they are easily understood, and that the driver knows to stop the vehicle immediately if the Banksman disappears from view.

Why record and report ?
Recording and reporting accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement under The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR).
RIDDOR places a legal duty on:

• employers
• self-employed people
• people in control of premises.

These 'responsible persons' must record and report certain incidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences involving employees, self-employed workers and members of the public.

The information provided through recording and reporting enables the enforcing authorities (either Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or local authority Environmental Health), to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents.

With this information, the enforcing authorities are able to help and provide advice on how to reduce injury, and ill health in the workplace. Such surveillance data can also be used to put forward an evidence-based rationale for the introduction of new legislation and/or guidance.

Near Misses
Although not part of the legal duties mentioned above, it is also good practice to record non-reportable 'near-miss' incidents, workplace accidents and occurrences where no-one has actually been hurt or become ill, but where the consequences could have been serious for workers.

In this way, it is possible to learn from such incidents so that workers are protected from harm, using the old adage 'prevention is better than cure'.

It is also good practice to record 'near-miss' incidents.
( RIDDOR ) also requires responsible persons to report certain matters to their enforcing authority

H&S / CSCS . * ( Legionnaires Disease ) -&- is a potentially fatal form of pneumonia which can affect anybody, but which principally affects those who are susceptible because of age, illness, immunosuppression, smoking etc.

It is caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila and related bacteria that can be found naturally in environmental water sources such as rivers, lakes and reservoirs, usually in low numbers. As they are commonly found in environmental sources they may also be found in purpose built water systems such as cooling towers, evaporative condensers and whirlpool spas.

If conditions are favorable the bacterium may grow creating conditions in which the risk from legionnaires' disease is increased. It is therefore important to control the risks by introducing measures outlined in the Approved Code of Practice & guidance document

Working at Heights : this is what -&-s like here :

Ladders : Q/A
i) 3-Points of Contact .
ii) Correct Angle .
iii) Secured ?
iv) Safe and Suitable for Purpose .
v) Ladder Projecting above the Roof ?
vi) Always Check Ladder before Use .

Scaffolds :
i) Check Scaffold Tag – Why ? ←←
ii) Scaffold fitting with all Rail and Board Walks ?
iii) Are the Scaffold Planks in Good Structure ?
iv) Scaffold must be Inspected on a Weekly Basis .
v) Scaffold must be Inspected on a Weekly Basis .

Mobile Scaffolds : a Must -&-
i) Even Ground .
ii) Wheels Locked .
iii) Correct Access .
iv) Storage of Materials .
v) Ensure that the Scaffold can Handle the Load .

Pre-Checklist for Leaning Ladder : CSCS
i) Are the Sties in Good Condition ? ↔ if they are Bent or Split the Ladder Could Collapse .
ii) Stiles Checked ? ↔ if they are Bent or Damaged the Ladder could Buckle or Collapse .
iii) Feet Checked ? ↔ if they are Missing, Worn or Damaged the Ladder could Slip . ( *** Remember Rubber Feet on Ladders ) -&-
iv) Rungs Checked ? ↔ if they are Bent, Missing or Loose the Ladder could Become Unstable .

 

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Hoists :

* Has the Equipment been Installed by a Competent Person ?
* Are the Operators Trained and Competent ?
* is the Rated Capacity Clearly Marked ?
* Does the Hoist have a Current Report of Thorough Examination and a Recorded of Inspection ?
* is there a Suitable Base Enclosure to Prevent People from being Struck by any Moving Parts of the Hoist ?
* Are the Landing Gates Kept Shut Except when the Platform is at the Landing ?

**** This is True . a Builder was killed when he was Crushed between the Cage and the Fixed Structure of a Goods Hoist. The Hoist Moved Unexpectedly because the Safety Interlocks had been !!DEFEATED !! , The Hoist had been Poorly Maintained and did Not have a Current thorough Examination Report **** H&S . the Company was Fined Big Time . Poor Guy . Safety is a MUST on Site .Common Sense must Prevail !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
( You will Here the words “ Topman ↔ CSCS “ he is there to Cover your But . PS in theory when your down Holes / Pits / Hoists . Most Big Company’s Use them . ( Banksman and Topman are two different Persons on SITE ) ←← Ask your Tutor about them ,

Pre-Use Checklist for a Stepladder .
i) Locking Bars Checked ? if they are bent or the Fixings are Worn/Damaged the Ladder could Collapse .
ii) Feet Checked ? if they are Missing, Worn or Damaged the Ladder could Slip .
iii) Stepladder Platform Checked ? if it is Split or Buckled the Ladder could become Unstable or Collapse .
iv) Check the Steps or Treads ? if they are Contaminated-they could be Slippery .
v) Check the Steps ? if the fixing are Loose they could Collapse .
iv) Check the Stiles ? if they are Bent or Damaged-the Ladder could Buckle or Collapse .

The User ←←← ( Pat Test )
Users of the Equipment should be able to Check for Obvious Faults before Switching On and Using it. They must also know what to do if they find a Fault. Training may be required. H&S

What is a confined space? CSCS
It can be any space of an enclosed nature where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions (e.g. Lack of Oxygen). Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, e.g. enclosures with limited
openings:
* storage tanks;
* silos;
* reaction vessels;
* enclosed drains;
* sewers.
Others may be less obvious, but can be equally dangerous, for example:
* open-topped chambers;
* vats;
* combustion chambers in furnaces etc;
* ductwork;
* unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms.

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of confined spaces. Some places may become confined spaces when work is carried out, or during their construction, fabrication or subsequent modification.

What is a confined space? CSCS
It can be any space of an enclosed nature where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions (e.g. Lack of Oxygen). Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, e.g. enclosures with limited
openings:
* storage tanks;
* silos;
* reaction vessels;
* enclosed drains;
* sewers.
Others may be less obvious, but can be equally dangerous, for example:
* open-topped chambers;
* vats;
* combustion chambers in furnaces etc;
* ductwork;
* unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms.

It is not possible to provide a comprehensive list of confined spaces. Some places may become confined spaces when work is carried out, or during their construction, fabrication or subsequent modification.

What are the dangers from confined spaces ?
Dangers can arise in confined spaces because of :-
* A lack of oxygen.
This can occur :-
- where there is a reaction between some soils and the oxygen in the atmosphere;
- following the action of groundwater on chalk and limestone which can produce carbon dioxide and displace normal air;
- in ships’ holds, freight containers, lorries etc as a result of the cargo reacting with oxygen inside the space;
- inside steel tanks and vessels when rust forms. * Poisonous gas, fume or vapour.
These can:
- build-up in sewers and manholes and in pits connected to the system;
- enter tanks or vessels from connecting pipes;
- leak into trenches and pits in contaminated land, such as old refuse tips and old gas works.
* Liquids and solids which can suddenly fill the space, or release gases into it, when disturbed. Free flowing solids such as grain can also partially solidify or’ bridge’ in silos causing blockages which can collapse unexpectedly
* Fire and explosions (e.g. from flammable vapours, excess oxygen etc).
* Residues left in tanks, vessels etc, or remaining on internal surfaces which can give off gas, fume or vapour.
* Dust may be present in high concentrations, e.g. in flour silos.
* Hot conditions leading to a dangerous increase in body temperature Some of the above conditions may already be present in the confined space. However, some may arise through the work being carried out, or because of ineffective isolation of plant nearby, e.g. leakage from a pipe connected to the confined space. The enclosure and working space may increase other dangers arising through the work being carried out, for example:
* machinery being used may require special precautions, such as provision of dust extraction for a portable grinder, or special precautions against electric shock;
* gas, fume or vapour can arise from welding, or by use of volatile and often flammable solvents, adhesives etc;
* if access to the space is through a restricted entrance, such as a manhole, escape or rescue in an emergency will be more difficult ( ( see Emergency procedures ). ↔ that’s what a Topman if For !!!!!!!!

What the law says
You must carry out a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks for all work activities for the purpose of deciding what measures are necessary for safety (The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, regulation 3). For work in confined spaces this means identifying the hazards present, assessing the risks and determining what precautions to take. In most cases the assessment
will include consideration of:
the task :-
* the working environment;
* working materials and tools;
* the suitability of those carrying out the task;
* arrangements for emergency rescue.

↔↔ Risk Assessment at All Times ↔↔ Chaps .

If your assessment identifies risks of serious injury from work in confined spaces, such as the dangers highlighted above, the Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 apply. These regulations contain the following key duties:
* avoid entry to confined spaces, eg by doing the work from outside;
* if entry to a confined space is unavoidable, follow a safe system of work; and
* put in place adequate emergency arrangements before the work starts.

Avoid entering confined spaces
You need to check if the work can be done another way so that entry or work in confined spaces is avoided. Better work-planning or a different approach can reduce the need for confined space working. Ask yourself if the intended work is really necessary, or could you :-
“” modify “” the confined space itself so that entry is not necessary;
* have the work done from outside, for example:
* blockages can be cleared in silos by use of remotely operated rotating flail devices, vibrators or air purgers;
* inspection, sampling and cleaning operations can often be done from outside the space using appropriate equipment and tools;
* remote cameras can be used for internal inspection of vessels.

Safe systems of work
If you cannot avoid entry into a confined space make sure you have a safe system for working inside the space.
Use the results of your risk assessment to help identify the necessary precautions to reduce the risk of injury. These will depend on the nature of the confined space, the associated risk and the work involved.

Make sure that the safe system of work, including the precautions identified, is developed and put into practice. Everyone involved will need to be properly trained and instructed to make sure they know what to do and how to do it safely.
The following checklist is not intended to be exhaustive but includes many of the essential elements to help prepare a safe system of work.

Are persons suitable for the work ?
Do they have sufficient experience of the type of work to be carried out, and what training have they received? Where risk assessment highlights exceptional constraints as a result of the physical layout, are individuals of suitable build ?
The competent person may need to consider other factors, e.g. concerning claustrophobia or fitness to wear breathing apparatus, and medical advice on an individual’s suitability may be needed.

Isolation
Mechanical and electrical isolation of equipment is essential if it could otherwise operate, or be operated, inadvertently. If gas, fume or vapour could enter the confined space, physical isolation of pipework etc needs to be made. In all cases a
check should be made to ensure isolation is effective.

Check the size of the entrance
Is it big enough to allow workers wearing all the necessary equipment to climb in and out easily, and provide ready access and egress in an emergency? For example, the size of the opening may mean choosing air-line breathing apparatus
in place of self-contained equipment which is more bulky and therefore likely to restrict ready passage.

 

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Provision of ventilation
You may be able to increase the number of openings and therefore improve ventilation. Mechanical ventilation may be necessary to ensure an adequate supply of fresh air. This is essential where portable gas cylinders and diesel-fuelled
equipment are used inside the space because of the dangers from build-up of engine exhaust. Warning: carbon monoxide in the exhaust from petrol-fuelled engines is so dangerous that use of such equipment in confined spaces should never be allowed.

Testing the air
This may be necessary to check that it is free from both toxic and flammable vapours and that it is fit to breathe. Testing should be carried out by a competent person using a suitable gas detector which is correctly calibrated. Where the risk
assessment indicates that conditions may change, or as a further precaution, continuous monitoring of the air may be necessary.

Provision of special tools and lighting -&- loves this One ? why
Non-sparking tools and specially protected lighting are essential where flammable or potentially explosive atmospheres are likely. In certain confined spaces (e.g. inside metal tanks) suitable precautions to prevent electric shock include use of extra low voltage equipment (typically less than 25 V) and, where necessary, residual current devices.

Provision of rescue harnesses
Lifelines attached to harnesses should run back to a point outside the confined space.

Communications
An adequate communications system is needed to enable communication between people inside and outside the confined space and to summon help in an emergency.

Check how the alarm is raised
Is it necessary to station someone outside to keep watch and to communicate with anyone inside, raise the alarm quickly in an emergency, and take charge of the rescue procedures?

Is a ‘permit-to-work’ necessary ? CSCS -&-
A permit-to-work ensures a formal check is undertaken to ensure all the elements of a safe system of work are in place before people are allowed to enter or work in the confined space. It is also a means of communication between site
management, supervisors, and those carrying out the hazardous work. Essential features of a permit-to-work are:
* clear identification of who may authorise particular jobs (and any limits to their authority) and who is responsible for specifying the necessary precautions(eg isolation, air testing, emergency arrangements etc);
* provision for ensuring that contractors engaged to carry out work are included;
* training and instruction in the issue of permits;
* monitoring and auditing to ensure that the system works as intended.

Shut down
It may be necessary to shut down adjacent plant before attempting emergency rescue. ↔ ( A Must )
First-aid procedures
Trained first aiders need to be available to make proper use of any necessary first-aid equipment provided.

Local emergency services
How are the local emergency services (eg, fire brigade) made aware of an incident ?
What information about the particular dangers in the confined space is given to them on their arrival ?

Relevant law
* The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997;
* The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999;
* The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended);
* The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (as amended);
* The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998;
* Electricity at Work Regulations 1989;
* Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992.

Some of the above law is relevant because of the nature of the work to be carried out inside a confined space, e.g. where there are risks from machinery, electricity or from hazardous substances.

All I ask is you tell your Mates about This Site . Please ( Amberleaf )
PS : Thank You Dan and The Chaps for There Air Space ←←←←←←←←

Wearing Ear Protection : ↔ ( Remember Mandatory : Must Obey / Blue/White Symbol .
You should Wear Ear Protection when the sound Level is between the 85db and 90db action Levels . you must Wear it above 90db .
Without Protection there is a Risk of Damage to your Hearing . Remember that, over time, this Damage can result in Permanent Hearing Loss. Ear Protection cannot repair Damage that has already been caused .
Noise Level 20db / Activity , Quiet Whisper .
Noise Level 60db / Activity , Car at 50km/hour
Noise Level 80db / Activity , Home hi-fi .
Noise Level 83db / Activity , Bricklayer .
Noise Level 90db / Activity , Passing tube train .
Noise Level 92db / Activity , Carpenter .
Noise Level 101db / Activity , Portable power tools .
Noise Level 102db / Activity , Bench saws .
Noise Level 110db / Activity , Pneumatic drill, Nightclub .
Noise Level 120db / Activity , Rock Concert .
Noise Level 140db / Activity , Cartridge Tools ( they don’t give you Warning when they fire the bloody thing )

Noise at Work Regulations 1989 :
Noise Levels are Measured with Sound Level Meters. They have up to four Scales. ( A to D ) which give readings in Decibels ( db )
The most Common Scale for Construction Work and for Legal Purposes is the ( A ) Scale .
The Regulations Identify time Limits for Exposure to various Sound Levels and set Out three action Levels :-
First Level 85db ( A ) Scale :-
Employee is Provided, at their Request, with Suitable and Efficient Personal Ear Protectors .

Second Level 90db ( A ) Scale :-
Employee is Provided with Suitable Personal Ear Protectors, which must be Worn .

Peak Level 140db ( A ) Scale :-
Employee must Wear the Personal Protective Equipment ( PPE ) Provided as Noise at this Level will Cause Permanent Damage to Hearing .

Noise Assessments should be Carried Out by a Competent Person .

Change to the Noise at Work Regulations :
The Current Regulations were Adopted in November 2002 : from December 2005 the Limits of the First and Second action Levels will be Reduced by 5db .

Pump Down the Volume : Noise Safety .
Noise is the Sound made by Pressure Changes in the Air and picked up by your Ear.
Loud Noise can Annoy People. More Importantly, it can Damage you Hearing. But very Soft Noise can be Difficult to hear .

People who are Exposed to High Noise Levels, even for a Sort time, may Experience Temporary Hearing Loss .
If they are Exposed to Noise for a long time they can Suffer Serious, Permanent Hearing Loss. Sufferers don’t often realise that their Hearing is Damaged until other people ask : “ Can’t you Hear me ? Are you Deaf ?

The Damage happens when Pressure Changes in the Air Affect the Inner Ear. This is the part of the Ear that allows you to Hear.
You will find that Loud Noise over a Short Period of time can Cause Temporary Hearing Loss and a “ Buzzing “ in your Ears .

At Work. Noise can Stop you Concentrating. It distracts you and may make you Unsafe. There is Legislation in Place to help Protect your Hearing throughout your Lifetime .

Noise is Measured in Decibels ( db )
As a Guide. A Useful “ Rule of Thumb “ is :-

* if you have to raise your voice to speak to someone 2 meters away. Noise Levels are about ( 85db )
* f you have to Shout to Speak to Someone who is 1 meters away. Noise Levels are about ( 90db )

Identifying “ Ear Protection Zones “ and putting up Signs where Noise is at or Above ( 90db ) can Control the Effects of Noise .

Working with Power: Electrical Safety

It’s therefore Very Important that you Make Sure any Electrical Equipment ( Including Powered Hand Tools ) are Safe to Work with .
To do this you must Follow these Safety Procedures .

* Do Not Plug in Before Checking :
When you first come across a piece of Electrical Equipment or Powered Hand Tool. You Won’t know if it is Safe to Plug in and Work with
The Rule is “ Do Not Plug in Until you have Checked the Tool “ if you Plug the Powered Tool in and there is a Fault with it, you could be Seriously Injured or Killed !!

* Check Body of Power Tool :
Check that the Body of the Tool is Clean and free from Grease or Excessive Dirt, This Dirt could make the Tool more Difficult to Hold and Control. It could also Hide other Defects, Check for Cracks in the Body, Check for Loose Fittings and Missing Bits of the Tool.
Check as well to see if there is an Up-to-Date ( Pat Label on the Tool ) ↔ -&- Pat is the “ Pat is the “ Portable Appliance Test “
This will show it has Passed an Electrical Safety Test on a Particular Date . the Test must be Carried Out by a Competent Person .

* Check Cable on Power Tool :
The Cable could be Considered the “ Weaker “ Part of the Power Tool. It often lies on the Ground in Dirt and Water and can easily be Damaged by Treading or Driving Over it . Check the Cable for Cuts, Abrasions, Burns, Bare Wires and Frayed Ends ,

Working with Power: Electrical Safety .

* Check Plug of Power Tool :-
The Plug needs to be Checked to make sure it is Not Dirty, Wet or Covered in Grease. Check the Pins are in Place and Not Loose or Misshapen. Also Check the Casing of the Socket to make sure the Spring-Loaded Cover Operates Correctly and that it is Not Cracked .

* Check Voltage of Power Tool :
If the Plug and Cable are Colored Yellow the Power Tool will Operate at 110Volts . there may also be Labels on the Power Tool showing
110Volts . To Work on Building Sites, all Power Tools should be at this Reduced Voltage or , better still, Battery Operated .

* Plug in Power Tool :-
Once you have made all the Checks Correctly. You can plug in Power Tool and start Work. If you are Not Sure about the Checks you have just made, do Not-Plug in the Tool and Do Not Start-Work. Go and ask Advice from your Supervisor .

There is No-Set Procedure for Checking Power Tools before Use, but it is Good Practice to Decide your own Routine .

 

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Occupational Diseases : CSCS ( Read Up on These -&- will ask Q/s )

* Asthma – a Lung Disorder affected by Dust and Fumes .
* Dermatitis – a Skin Disorder
* Tetanus – ( Lock Jaw ) a Virus caught through Open-Cuts from the Ground / Soil .
* Weil’s Disease ( Leptospiroris ) caught from Rats . This Disease can be Confused with the Flu due to similar symptoms . ( Rat’s Pee ) ←←
* HAVS ( Hand – Arm Vibrating Syndrome ) – a Condition arising from the Prolongued Use of Vibrating Tool’s e.g. Jack Hammers .

Asthma : Breathing in certain dusts, gases, fumes and vapours within the workplace can cause asthma. Asthma is a very serious health problem that can ruin lives. Shortness of breath, wheezing and painful coughing are just some of the symptoms that Occupational Asthma sufferers may have to deal with every day.

Engineering workers - common causes of asthma
Metalworking fluids ( MWFs ) can cause occupational asthma if you inhale the mist or vapour generated during machining/shaping operations. MWFs can also cause Dermatitis .←←←

Skin at work :
Work - related skin disease can affect people in a wide range of occupations. Wherever you work, the APC approach (avoid, protect, check) can reduce the chances of suffering painful and sometimes debilitating skin conditions.

Dermatitis
What is dermatitis?
Dermatitis is a skin condition caused by contact with something that irritates the skin or causes an allergic reaction. It usually occurs where the irritant touches the skin, but not always.

What is leptospirosis ? ( Weil’s disease )
Two types of leptospirosis infection can affect workers in the UK.

** Weil’s disease This is a serious and sometimes fatal infection that is transmitted to humans by contact with urine from infected rats.

** The Hardjo form of leptospirosis This is transmitted from cattle to humans.

What are the symptoms ?
Both diseases start with a flu-like illness with a persistent and severe headache, which can lead to vomiting and muscle pains and ultimately to jaundice, meningitis and kidney failure. In rare cases the diseases can be fatal.

Who is at risk ?
Anyone who is exposed to rats, rat or cattle urine or to fetal fluids from cattle is at risk.
Farmers are now the main group at risk for both Weil’s disease and cattle leptospirosis: the cattle form is a special risk for dairy farmers.
Other people who have contracted leptospirosis in recent years include vets, meat inspectors, butchers, abattoir and sewer workers.
Workers in contact with canal and river water are also at risk.

How might I catch it ?
The bacteria can get into your body through cuts and scratches and through the lining of the mouth, throat and eyes after contact with infected urine or contaminated water, such as in sewers, ditches, ponds and slow-flowing rivers. People working in dairy parlours are often in contact with cattle urine. Rat urine may also contaminate animal feed stuffs on farms.

How can I prevent it ?
Get rid of rats. Don’t touch them with unprotected hands.

 

[Stringbags]

Re: noise action levels,

there is no longer an allowable peak level of 140db, the maximum sustainable level perceptable to the ears is 87db even if this means ear plugs under ear defenders.

Stringbags

 

[amberleaf]

Hand-arm vibration at work : ( HAVS ) * Hand-Arm-Vibration-Syndrome ←←
Hand-arm vibration comes from the use of hand-held power tools and is the cause of significant ill health (painful and disabling disorders of the blood vessels, nerves and joints).

Stringbags ,
Noise Level 140db / Activity , Cartridge Tools ( The H&S will tell that’s it’s the Noise that is coming out Cartridge Tools !! Put you will NOT HEAR IT AS MUCH WITH YOU EAR DEFENDERS ON ( PS , that’s why you use them CSCS : Noise Level 80db ←←← -&-
( and you should be min 2 meters away ) Cartridge Tools : with your EAR DEFENDERS ON
You should Wear ( Ear Protection ) H&S when the sound Level is between the ↔ 85db and 90db action Levels ←←←
PS : I Did Not Use the Words ( allowable ↔↔ peak level ) of 140db, it is a Sound Level awareness in ( db ) ←←←←←←←←
Thank you , Amberleaf

The Whisper is Lighter Than the Shadow ,

I do not do Debates !! I will gladly bow down to Wisdom , Amberleaf .

( H&S ↔ CSCS ↔ Occupational Health : ( PS you will get some off these in Q/A -&- on the day ) PS no Jokes Please
Occupational Health is the Interaction between Work & Health
There are Three Type of Occupational Health :-
i) Personal Hygiene . *
ii) PPE Hygiene . *
iii) Site Hygiene . *
*** Personal Hygiene :
* Washing Hands and Forearms with Warm Water and Soap after each visit to the Toilet and before Eating and Drinking .
* Don’t forget to dry your Hands thoroughly .
* Pay particular attention under rings and watch straps .
* Don’t Eat and Drink around the Work Area .
* Use Designated Facilities or Suitable Area .
* Always remove PPE, e.g. Overalls, Gloves, before eating and drinking .

Before you start :

* Use hand care products, antibacterial soaps, barrier creams , skin conditions but don’t rely on barrier cream alone – chemicals can get through so ensure that you wear gloves . ↔ look out for this one -&- .
* Cuts and abrasions should be cleaned and waterproof dressings applied.
* if you are concerned about the condition of your skin or any other health issues, contact your manager .
* Your skin is at risk from sun burns, engine/mineral oils and chemicals ( chemicals are the Cause of Dermatitis ) ↔ look out for this one -&- .

Record and report an accident or incident
If you are self-employed, employ other people or are in charge of work premises, you have a duty under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 to report and keep records of certain types of incident or accident at work.

Understanding vibration data :
Vibration magnitude
Exposure to ( HAV ) is measured in terms of acceleration of the surface in contact with the hand as it moves one way and back again. This is normally expressed in m/s2. Particular frequencies, 5-20 Hertz (Hz, cycles per second of energy), cause most damage. Owing to the frequency dependence, a frequency weighting is applied to measurements. Hazard to health is usually assessed from the average (root mean square or rms) acceleration level where:- ( h means hand transmitted and w means weighted )

What are the causes of HAV ?
The high levels of vibration emitted when using common tools can cause permanent damage to your hands and arms. The risk depends on :-
* How high the vibration levels are
* How long you use the equipment for
* How awkward it is for you to use the equipment * How tightly you have to grip the equipment * How cold and wet you get when using the equipment

Your Amazing Hands ( Useful Junk )
In no other part of the body is so much packed into so little. Your hand consists of 27 individual bones; over a quarter of those in the entire body, and an intricate infrastructure of muscle tissue, metres of blood vessels and thousands of nerve endings per square inch, mostly in the fingertips. This delicate web of nerves is capable of detecting heat, cold or pain within microseconds and can sense a vibration of less than a hair’s width

Use of information from suppliers to determine risk ( Useful Junk )
Suppliers must report the vibration emission from hand-held power tools if it exceeds a threshold of 2.5m/s2. If it does not exceed 2.5 m/s2, this must be stated.

 

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SELECTION OF HAND-HELD POWER TOOLS

The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER 98) regulation 4 places duties on employers and requires that hand-held power tools be :-

* suitable for the purpose for and working conditions in which they are to be used :
* used only for purposes for which they are suited; and
* used only under conditions for which they are suitable.

Regulation 5 requires that work equipment is maintained in an efficient state, in efficient working order and in good repair ( efficient relates to how it might affect health and safety ).

In considering suitability of hand-held power tools, account should be taken of the health risks from HAV. To do this, users will need to obtain information on vibration emission from the tools they are considering.

 

[Stringbags]

"Stringbags ,
Noise Level 140db / Activity , Cartridge Tools ( The H&S will tell that’s it’s the Noise that is coming out Cartridge Tools !! Put you will NOT HEAR IT AS MUCH WITH YOU EAR DEFENDERS ON ( PS , that’s why you use them CSCS : Noise Level 80db ←←← -&-
( and you should be min 2 meters away ) Cartridge Tools : with your EAR DEFENDERS ON
You should Wear ( Ear Protection ) H&S when the sound Level is between the ↔ 85db and 90db action Levels ←←←
PS : I Did Not Use the Words ( allowable ↔↔ peak level ) of 140db, it is a Sound Level awareness in ( db ) ←←←←←←←←
Thank you , Amberleaf

The Whisper is Lighter Than the Shadow ,

I do not do Debates !! I will gladly bow down to Wisdom , Amberleaf . "

No debate, just clarification for those taking their exams

Great work BTW