Re-take - Useful Information for 2394 :

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High Integrity Consumer Unit or Insulated Dual RCD Consumer Unit ?? What the difference

High Integrity CCUs have two RCD Banks and some separate slots that are not RCD controlled
This allows you to fit Circuit-breakers / RCBOs for those important and sensibly independent circuits like ( Fridge/Freezer, Smoke Alarm, Burglar Alarm ) will not cut power to the tropical fish tank

Manufacturers Literature

High Integrity Boards
A ‘ High Integrity Consumer Unit ’ is one which allows for separation of circuits whilst still protecting all circuits from earth leakage. It does this by using three neutral bars which allows for the use of 2 RCDs and a whole bank of RCBOs.

Split Load Consumer Units
A split load board, in common parlance, is one which is supplied with a Main Switch and RCD. Now that we operate under 17th Edition regulations the implied loading of a split load unit is that Circuit-breakers should only be put on the RCD side while RCBOs are fitted on the main switch side.

Consumer Unit
Suitable for installing into consumer units . BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A

High Integrity dual RCD split load unit(s)
Uses two RCD protected sections and a number of ways for dedicated ( High Integrity Circuits ) using 30mA RCBOs

Consumer units ( CCU )
BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A

Dual RCD Split Load units
Dual RCD units with two-sections / each protected by a 30mA RCD , Suitable for smaller dwellings

Split Load Units
BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A
Split load consumer unit with a small group of circuits on the RCD and all others on independent devices ( RCBOs )

 

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Consumer Units :
All independent circuit

Suitable for installing into consumer units . BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B40A .. Shower
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B32A .. Sockets downstairs
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B32A .. Sockets upstairs
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B20A .. Garage sockets
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A .. Smoke alarms
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A .. Hall / stairs lighting
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A .. Lighting upstairs
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A .. Lighting downstairs
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A .. Boiler
Spare . etc

Consumer Units :
Half-independent circuits

Split Load .
Suitable for installing into consumer units . BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B40A shower
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A Smoke alarm
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A Hall / stairs lighting
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A lighting upstairs
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A lighting downstairs
RCD 30mA ~
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A / Sockets downstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A / Sockets upstairs

Consumer Units :
High integrity
Some independent circuit(s)

Suitable for installing into consumer units . BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A Smoke alarms
RCBO - BS-EN-61009-1 .. B6A Hall / stairs lighting

RCD 30mA ~ .. High Integrity “ Protective conductor current “
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B40A Cooker
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A Sockets downstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Lighting upstairs
RCD 30mA ~
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A Sockets upstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Lighting downstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Boiler

Consumer Unit :
No independent circuits .. “ Dual RCD “

Suitable for installing into consumer units . BS-EN-60947-3 - Main-switch 100A
1) RCD 30mA ~
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A Sockets down stairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Lighting upstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Hall / stairs lighting
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Boiler
2) RCD 30mA ~
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B40/45A Shower
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B32A Sockets upstairs
Circuit-breaker - BS-EN-60898-1 .. B6A Lights downstairs

 

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Non-statutory Requirements Within BS-7671:2008, States . the following are of particular relevance in terms of (( Safe -isolation ))

Regulation 132.15.1 .. :icon_bs: contains the following fundamental principle:

Effective means, suitably placed for ready operation, shall be provided so that all voltage may be cut off from (( every installation )) from every part thereof and from all equipment, as may be necessary to prevent or remove danger.


Regulation group 537.2 .. contains the requirements relating to (( isolation ))

Regulation group 537.3 .. contains the requirements for switching off for (( mechanical maintenance ))

 

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The requirements of BS-7671 applicable to a device providing isolation

Summary of Requirements

• Must isolate all live supply conductors ( with certain permitted exceptions ) 537.1.2. , 537.1.4. , 537.2.1.1. , 537.2.2.1. , 543.3.4.
• A multipole device is preferable where isolation of more than one live conductor is needed . 537.2.2.5.
• Must be Non-automatic . 537.1.
• The disconnection and separation is to be secure and the device designed and / or installed to prevent unintentional or inadvertent closure . 537.2.2.3.
• Contact position must be externally visible or clearly and reliably indicated . 537.2.2.2.
• Impulse withstand voltage based on the overvoltage category applicable at the point of installation . 537.2.2.1.
• Permitted devices to meet with the relevant requirements of Section 537 and Off-load isolating devices capable of being secured against inadvertent or unauthorised . 537.1.1. , 537.2.2.4.
• Semiconductor devices and certain switching devices are unsuitable as isolating devices . 537.2.2.1.

 

[Richard Burns]

Table 53.4. in this case ; Isolation .
Manufacturing Standards - BS-1363/4

Unswitched fused connection unit BS-1363-4 ( Isolation ) Yes (3) removal of fuse link .


(3) Removal of fuse link .
(3) Device is suitable for On-load isolation , i.e. disconnection whilst carrying load-current .


BS-1363 / 4 : 1995 + A4 : 2012
Specification : for adaptors
Specification : for 13A fused connection units Switched or Unswitched


Fused spur to BS-EN-60947-3 (British standard)

 

[Richard Burns]

R/P 34 . A "skilled person" is defined in Part 2 of BS-7671: as:
"A person with technical knowledge or sufficient experience to enable him/her to avoid dangers which electricity may create."
R/P 29 . An "instructed person" is defined by Part 2 of BS-7671: as:
"A person adequately advised or supervised by skilled persons to enable him/her to avoid the dangers which electricity may create."


A main-switch for a (( consumer’s installation )) is an example of a device that is used for the function of (( isolation ))
Table 53.4. Guidance on the selection of protective, isolation and switching device(s)
BS-EN-60947-3 Isolating switch :
Isolation . Yes .. ( 1,3 )
Emergency switching. Yes
Functional switching. Yes


BS-EN-60947-3
( 1,3 )
Yes = Function provided .
1) Function provided if the device is suitable and marked with the ((symbol )) for isolation , see BS-EN-60617 identify number S00288 .
3) Device is suitable for On-load isolation , i.e. disconnection whilst carrying load-current .

Note 1 : An entry of ( 1 , 3 ) means that the device is suitable for On-load isolation only , if it is marked with the symbol for On-load isolation .

(BS) P/285 . BS-EN-60617 See Note at end of this Table .. Table 53.4. note 1 Appx 1 note .. An entry of ( 1 , 3 )

 

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Guide as denoted by the topic reference numbers shown

ANNEX
AA: List of tables of maximum permitted values of earth fault loop impedance ( Zs ) included in BS-7671
Note: All tables apply for a nominal voltage ( Uo ) of 230 V only, unless otherwise shown.

Table 41.2. - Device type : General purpose (gG) fuses to BS-88-2 fuse systems E ( bolted ) & G ( clip in )
Table Ref . BS-88-2
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s General 41.2 (a)
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s General 41.4 (a)
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s ( RLV ) 41.6 .. Reduced Low Voltage system. .. ( 55V single-phase ) & ( 63.5V three-phase )
( RLV ) 41.6. 32A B - 32 x 5 160 = 0.34Ω - 55V ÷ 160 = 0.34Ω .. Fig 3A4

Table 41.2. - Device type : Fuses to BS-88 -3 fuse system C ... ( Old BS-1361 )
Fuses to BS-88 -3 fuse system C
Table Ref . BS-88-3
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s General 41.2 (b)
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s General 41.4 (b)

Table 41.2. - Device type : Fuses to BS-3036
Table Ref . BS-3036
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s General 41.2 (c)
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s General 41.4 (c)

Table 41.2. - Device type : Fuses to BS-1362
Table Ref . BS-1362
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s General 41.2 (d)
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s General 41.4 (d)

Table 41.3(a) . - Device type : B circuit-breaker to BS-EN-60898-1 & the overcurrent characteristics of RCBO to BS-EN-61009-1
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s & 5.0s
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s ( RLV ) 41.6

Table 41.3(b) . - Device type : C circuit-breaker to BS-EN-60898-1 & the overcurrent characteristics of RCBO to BS-EN-61009-1
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s & 5.0s
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s ( RLV ) 41.6

Table 41.3(c) . - Device type : D circuit-breaker to BS-EN-60898-1 & the overcurrent characteristics of RCBO to BS-EN-61009-1
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s & 5.0s
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 5.0s ( RLV ) 41.6

Table 41.5.
Non-delayed RCDs to BS-EN-61008-1 and BS-EN-61009-1 .. for final circuits not exceeding 32A
Disconnection time - ( seconds ) 0.4s
To ensure RCD operation in accordance with Regulation 411.5.3.

Electric shock , protection against
By automatic disconnection of supply , TT system

BS-7671: states three fundamental requirements for fault protection by ADS in a TT system:
• Protective earthing (Regulation 411.3.1.1)
• Protective equipotential bonding (Regulation 411.3.1.2)
• Automatic disconnection in case of a fault (Regulation Group 411.3.2)

Protective devices
For fault protection, Regulation 411.5.2 requires one or more of the following types of protective device shall be used, the former being preferred:
an RCD
an overcurrent protective device such as, a circuit-breaker.

BS-7671: states three fundamental requirements for fault protection by ADS in a TN system:
• protective earthing (Regulation 411.3.1.1)
• protective equipotential bonding (Regulation 411.3.1.2)
• automatic disconnection in case of a fault (Regulation Group 411.3.2)

Protective devices
For fault protection, Regulation 411.4.4 requires one or more of the following types of protective device to be used:
an overcurrent protective device such as a circuit-breaker
an RCD.

Table 41.1 of BS-7671: provides the maximum disconnection times for TN and TT systems for final circuits not exceeding 32 A (Regulation 411.3.2.2 refers).

 

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Sub distribution board .. Sub-mains Etc . see Distribution circuit

P/26 . Distribution circuit . :icon_bs:
A circuit supplying a distribution board or switchgear

A distribution circuit may also connect the (Origin ) of an installation to an outlying building or separate installation , when it is sometimes called a sub-main .

Supply intake .
A term used to describe the location or room housing the main cable and equipment provided by ( DNO ) to provide a supply of electricity to a premises .

 

[Richard Burns]

For Amberleaf:
Radial final circuits, Cooker


Guidance on the requirements of BS-7671: for final-circuits supplying cooker loads.
Maximum circuit cable lengths for typical final circuits supplying cooker loads wired in 70 °C thermoplastic (pvc) insulated and sheathed flat cable to BS-6004 Table 8. The information is intended to enable such circuits to be installed generally without calculation.


Conventional arrangements for radial final circuits for cookers
Each cooker should be supplied by a radial final circuit dedicated for the purpose, and should be connected to the final circuit by a readily accessible means of interrupting the supply on load - generally a cooker control switch (see Fig 1) or a cooker control unit. For the purposes of this topic, a cooker is a hob unit, an oven/grill or a combination of both.


Fig 1 .. Cooker control switch




The protective conductor current of a cooker may cause unwanted tripping of a 30mA RCD. Where there is concern, a cooker control unit without a socket-outlet may be used.


Fig 2 .. Cooker control unit


A cooker control unit incorporates a main switch for the cooker and a switched socket-outlet. The installation of a cooker control unit can lead to accidents due to trailing cables and/or portable equipment being located near to hot surfaces. Where a cooker control unit is provided, it should be positioned so as to minimize the risk of such accidents.


One dedicated circuit of suitable rating may be used to supply two or more cookers, an oven/grill and a separate hob unit for example, where they are installed in the same room. In such cases, the cookers may be connected to the final circuit either individually by means of a cooker control switch or cooker control unit, or collectively by means of one such unit common to all the cookers (see Fig 3).


A typical radial final circuit supplying two cookers


Fig 3


A 30/32 ampere circuit is generally suitable for most household cookers (4 heating rings, a grill and an oven) but a circuit of higher current rating may be necessary for cookers having additional cooking facilities and/or larger capacity ovens.


13 A socket-outlets in a TN or TT system (including the socket-outlet in a cooker control unit) are required by Regulation 411.3.3 to be protected by a 30mA RCD .


The protective conductor current of a cooker may cause unwanted tripping of a 30mA RCD. Where there is concern, a cooker control unit without a socket-outlet may be used.

 

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P/28 . 2011: Extraneous conductive parts :icon_bs:
A ( conductive-part ) liable to introduce a potential , generally Earth potential . and not forming part of the electrical installation .

Extraneous conductive parts ( Basic’s )

Understanding the definition

First part: ‘ A conductive-part ’ .. In order to be conductive, an item must be formed of metal or some other conducting material.
In most situations, only parts made of metal need to be considered as conductive-parts

Second part: ‘ liable to introduce a potential, generally Earth potential ’
That is to say, is the item liable to introduce a potential to a person (or livestock) who may be in contact with another potential

To introduce a potential to such a person, the item must not only be at a potential, but must also be able to introduce the potential. Introduction of the potential requires two- things. The first is that the item (or a conducting item in electrical contact with it) must be accessible to be touched by a part of such a person’s body.

The second is that any electrical resistance through which the item is connected to the source of its potential (such as the resistance connecting an item with Earth potential) must not be so great as to prevent the potential being introduced to a person (due to voltage drop in the resistance).

Third part: ‘ and not forming part of the electrical installation ’

This part of the definition limits extraneous-conductive-parts to being items which do not form part of the electrical installation in question.
Therefore, items which may be extraneous-conductive-parts include the following, which are referred to in Regulation 411.3.1.2 of BS-7671 with regard to main protective equipotential bonding

Water installation pipes
Gas installation pipes
Other installation pipework and ducting
Central heating and air conditioning systems
Exposed metallic structural parts of the building

In addition, any other non-electrical items which fall within the definition may be extraneous-conductive-parts.

 

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( BS P/277 ) Standard / Title BS-88

Old to New , fuses

BS-88:
The term “ BS-88 series “ when used in the Regulations , means BS-88-1 , -2 , -3 . ( BS-88-1 BS-88-2 BS-88-3 ) part 1 , 2 , 3 .

BS-88-1: 2007: Low-voltage fuses – Part 1 : General requirements .

BS-88-2 : 2010: Low-voltage fuses Part 2:
Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by authorized persons (fuses mainly for industrial applications) - Examples of standardized systems of fuses A to J

BS-88-2 : 2010: has replaced BS-88-2.2.:1989. and BS-88-6:1988 which have been withdrawn .

BS-88-3: 2010: Low-voltage fuses Part 3:
Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by unskilled persons (fuses mainly for household and similar applications) - Examples of standardized systems of fuses A to F.

BS-88-3: 2010: has replaced BS-1361:1971 which has been withdrawn .

 

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Point to Note here . Etc .
► BS-88-2 is also numbered BS-HD-60269-2: 2010. R/P283
► BS-88-3 is also numbered BS-HD-60269-3: 2010. R/P283

BS-HD-60269-2 . Low-voltage fuses . Part 2 Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Authorised persons ) fuses mainly for Industrial application .
Examples of standardized system of fuses A to M

BS-HD-60269-3 . AMD1 / BS-88-3 :2010 AMD1 . Low-voltage fuses . Part 3 Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Unskilled persons ) fuses mainly for household or similar application .
Examples of standardized system of fuses A to F

BS-HD-60269-2: 2010.
Low-voltage fuses . Part 3 Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Authorized persons ) fuses mainly for Industrial application .
Examples of standardized system of fuses A to J

BS-HD-60269-2: 1995.
Low-voltage fuses . Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Authorized persons ) fuses mainly for Industrial application .
(( Replaced by BS-88-2 :2007 . and bs-en-60269-1 : 2007 and withdrawn 1/3/2010 .

What the Regulations have to say . ( BS )

BS-HD-60269 Low-voltage fuses .

BS-HD-60269-2: 2010.
Low-voltage fuses . Part 3 Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Authorized persons ) fuses mainly for Industrial application .
Examples of standardized system of fuses A to J (( also numbered BS-88-2 : 2010. ))

BS-HD-60269-3: 2010.
Low-voltage fuses . Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Unskilled persons ) fuses mainly for household or similar application .
Examples of standardized system of fuses A to F (( also numbered BS-88-3: 2010 ))

BS-HD-60269-3: 1995. .
Low-voltage fuses . Supplementary requirements for fuses for use by ( Unskilled persons ) fuses mainly for household or similar application .
(( Replaced by BS-88-3:2007 and BS-EN-60269-1:2007 and withdrawn , 1/3/2010

 

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BS-88 fuses each have an assigned breaking range and utilisation category designated by two letters such as ‘gG’. The first letter indicates the breaking range and the second indicates the utilisation category.

The breaking range is the range of prospective currents within which the breaking capacity of the fuse is assured. Some BS-88 fuses have only a partial-range breaking capacity and although they are able to interrupt short-circuit fault currents they are not designed to interrupt overload currents. Such fuses are designated by the letter ‘a’ in the first letter position.

The utilisation category relates to the ability of a fuse to fulfil its purpose for a particular type of application. The utilisation category of a fuse is designated by one of the following letters in the second letter position:

G . use for general application
M . use for protection of motor circuits
D . time-delay fuse
N . non-delay fuse

By applying this method of categorisation to the example given at the beginning of this item, it will be seen that a ‘gG’ fuse is a fuse with a full-range breaking capacity for general application. Other examples are:

gM . a fuse with a full-range breaking capacity for the protection of motor circuits
aM . a fuse with a partial-range breaking capacity for the protection of motor circuits

aM . fuse is usually an industrial fuse with an operating characteristic designed to protect inductive loads e.g. motors. Using a general purpose 'gG' fuse in such an application could lead to nuisance operation because the fuse cannot

It should be noted that, where their characteristics are suitable for the motor starting current, ‘gG’ fuses may be used, and often are used, for the protection of motor circuits.

 

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Definition of Fuse .
A Fuse is a device that , by the fusion of one or more of its specially designed and proportioned components , open the circuit in which it is inserted and breakers the current when this exceeds a given value for a sufficient time . The fuse comprises all the parts that from the complete device ( BS-88- )

A Fuse therefore a complete device consisting of fuse-holder, consisting of fuse-base and fuse-carrier and fuse-link .

Definition of Fuse Link .
A Fuse-link is a device comprising a fuse-element or several fuse elements connected in parallel enclosed in a cartridge , usually filled with an arc-extinguishing medium and connected to terminations , the fuse-link is a part of a fuse which requires replacing after the fuse has operated . ( BS-88- )

from this definition that the “ fuselink “ is part of the fuse popularly but incorrectly referred to as a “ fuse “ and that the internal part which melts is called the “ element “ .

Semi-enclosed fuse . ( BS-3036 ) or rewirable fuse .. Semi-enclosed fuse requires a relatively large overcurrent to blow it.
Consists of a base , a carrier ,
the fuse element and some form of protection , such as an arc-résistance tube , to limit the emission of flame .
i) Fuse-carrier
ii) Fuse-element
iii) Fuse-contact
iv) Arc-résistance tube

( Fuse ) is designed to self-destruct .
Fuse operation .
All fuses operate in the same way . a conductor of limited cross-section is heated by current passing through it until it melts . represented in a time current characteristic for the fuse . On melting , a brake is caused in the element , at which an electric arc is established .

The Pre-arcing time . Theory . is dealt with under “ Time / current characteristics “

Other definitions relating to fuses can be found in BS-7671: refer :icon_bs:

R/P 28 . Mechanism of fuse operation . Etc .
Fuse :
A device which , by the melting of one or more of its specially designed and proportioned components , “ Opens “ the circuit in which it is inserted by breaking the current when this exceeds a given value for a sufficient time . The fuse comprises all the parts that form the complete-device .

Fuse-carrier . The movable part of a fuse designed to carry a fuse-link .

Fuse-element . A part of a fuse designed to “ Melt “ when the fuse-operates

Fuse-link. A part of a fuse , including the “ fuse-element(s) “ which requires replacement by a new or renewable fuse-link after the fuse has operated and before the fuse is put back into service .

 

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Fuse Reference ( BS , British Standards )

Existing BS-7671:2008: BS-88-2-2.
BS-7671:2008: 2011) BS-88-2 .. This is a bolted type fuse that is recognised internationally as fuse-system ( E ) Table 41.2. / Table 41.4.

Existing BS-7671:2008: BS-88-6.
BS-7671:2008: 2011) BS-88-2 .. This is a clip in type fuse that is recognised internationally as fuse-system ( G ) Table 41.2. / Table 41.4.
Type ( G ) clip in , fuses only have nominal values up to 125A , The values of current associated with the ( 0.4 & 5s ) disconnection times in these figures are used to generate the ( Zs values ) in tables 41.2. & 41.4 .

Existing BS-7671:2008: BS-1361.
BS-7671:2008: 2011) BS-88-3 .. This is a cartridge type fuse that is recognised internationally as fuse-system ( C ) Table 41.2. / Table 41.4.

Different Ratings . Table 41.4. 2008: Table 41.4. ( 2011)
Comparison of ( Old - BS-1361 ) and ( New – BS-88-3 )
2008: 5A ,15 , 20 , 30 , 45 , 60 , 80 , 100 .
( 2011) 5A , 16* , 20 , 32* , 45 , 63* , 80 , 100 .

Standard changes , these now require specific reference to : BS-88-2 to differentiate with BS-88-3 fuses .
As three standards have been incorporated into a single standard

Appendix 1 ( Normative )
( BS-88) . The term “ BS-88 series “ when used in these Regulations , means BS-88-1 , -2 , -3 .

BS-76712011) Part 2 includes a section on symbols that are used in the Wiring Regulations .
Fuses. the symbols ( gG ) and ( gM ) are defined . “ Protection “
General purpose ( gG ) class “ gG “ utilisation category of fuses to BS-88-2 - general use . 411.4.6.
Motor protection ( gM ) class “ gM “ utilisation category of fuses to BS-88-2 - motor circuit application . 411.4.6.

O.S.G. 1.1. Scope . ( Introduction )
This Guide is restricted to installation(s) :
313.1. i) at a supply frequency of 50 hertz
ii) at a nominal voltage of 230V a.c. . single-phase or 400 / 230V a.c. . three-phase
iii) ( DNO ) supplied through a distributors cut-out having a fuse or fuses rated at 100A or less to one of the following standards :
- BS-88-2
- BS-88-3
- BS-88-6

• BS-1361 Type ( II ) Note : BS-1361 was withdrawn in March 2010 , and replaced by BS-88-3
• BS-88-6 was withdrawn in March 2010 , and replaced by BS-88-2 .

re-cap O.S.G. 2011:
fuses complying with these withdrawn standards will be found in existing installations for many years to come .

Distribution Network Operator ( DNO ) .. supplied through a distributors . PS , Companies