SWA does not have to be put in any kind of conduit or ducting. However, you should not lay it directly on top of the hardcore because sharp edges on the stones may pierce the outer shell and allow damp into the armour and cause it to rot out.
As for whether 16mm will be okay - well, we cannot answer that. It will depend partly on the size of the fuse in your switch fuse unit, but primarily on your assessment of the likely peak loading of the installation and your calculations of voltage drop at the end points of utilisation. You wouldn't want to use up 2% of your allowable 3% just in the distribution circuit!!