Hi tom

this thread is for information only i believe and your questions would be better posted in the section for inspection and testing were they will be answered more quickly

In regard to your question regarding 100mA RCDs
100mA RCDs are not used for additional protection so when testing
test at 1/2 I delta n (50mA) on both half cyles of the waveform the device should not trip then
test at 1 x i delta n (100mA) on bth half cycles device should trip in 300ms if BSEN 61008 record the highest reading
do not test at 5x as the device is not used for additional protection neither is a 300mA or 500mA

so you answer would have Been (a) there is loads of this info in this thread and others on the forum use the search bar at the top

where an RCD with a rated residual operatng current I delta n not exceeding 30mA is used to provide additional protection (against direct contact) with a test current of 5 x I delta n the device should open in less than 40ms

where loop impedence values cannot be met RCDs of an appropriate rating can be installed there rating can be determined from
I delta n = 50/Zs

I delta n is the rated operating current of the device
50 is the touch voltage and Zs the measured earth fault loop impedence

the accepted lethal level of sock current is 50mA and hence RCDs rated at 30mA or less would be appropraiteforuse where shock is increased risk
30mA are used for
. All socket outlets rated at no more than 20A and for unsupervised general use
. Mobile equpment rated at not more than 32A for use outdoors
. all circuits in a bath /shower room
. Preferred for al circuits in a TT installation
. All cables installed less than 50mm from surface of a wall or partiition (in safe zones) if the instalation is unsupervised , and also at any depth if the construction of the wall or partition includes metallic parts
. in zones 0, 1 and 2 of swimming pool locations
. All circuits in a location containing saunas
. socket outlet final circuits not exceeding 32A in agricultural locations
. circuits supplying class 11 equipment in restrictive conductive locations
. each socket outlet in caravan parks and marinas and final circuits for houseboats
. al socket outlets rated at no more than 32A for show stands etc
. All socket outlet circuits rated at no more than 32A for construction sites ( where reduced low voltage is not used )
. All socket outlets supplying equipment outside mobile or transportable units
. All circuits in caravans
. All circuits in circuses
. A circuit supplying class II heating equipment for floor and ceiling heating systems
 
2394: are getting pounded with Questions about RCDs . backto Basics


The Whys . RCD - Testing . ◄◄

▲▲ The . Trip-current can be affected by the direction of the , test-current , So tests must be carried-out for both-half-cycles . test-current .

- positive-half-cycle . ≈ 0°
- negative-half-cycle . ≈ 180°


Additional protection : ( Plain - English )

isto limit the current and time that the fault can pass through the body . ◄◄

Touch-voltage. by calculation . 50V / 30mA = 1666.

5 x test ) only for protective-devices. Used to provide - Additional protection ( 30mA) : “ 500% x “

General-purpose- Non-delayed RCD - ( G )


Note RCDs : Greater of the two-trip-times for record-purposes .


Thanks Bruce . Waterdamage . big time . this is the only job there handing out . head &shoulders shampoo . Client . Can you save the lighting . !!!!!! :svengo:




 
Regulations have stated the Facts .

Requirementsfor ( Testing of ) RCDs :

The17[SUP]th[/SUP] Edition has thefollowing-requirements in terms of ( Verification ) of installed RCDs .

612.8.1. requires the ( Effectiveness) of automatic - disconnection of supply by RCD tobe ( Verified) using test-equipment meeting the requirements of BS-EN-61557-6 , This is to confirm that therelevant-requirements of , Chapter - 41 . Protection against electric-shock . are Met .
 
The ( x5times ) current is onlyrequirement for 30mA - RCD , used foraddition-protection ( tripping-time - 40mS )
x5 Test , is N/A for anything bigger than 30mA . 2394: exams

RCD- testers , have a built-in-function that limits the voltage that the tester can raise the earth by , 50V or less . :gettree:

100mA- tripping times . x1 - 300mS

Fault-protection . 2392-10 Basics .

Overcurrent-protection-devices, like circuit-breakers to act promptly on small earth-leakage -currents , tocomply with regulations , the earth-fault-loop-impedance in ohms . multiplied by therated-tripping-current of the RCD in amperes must not exceed 50V.

Foran RCD with a rated-current of 30mA . the maximum-permissible-earth-fault-loop-impedance is calculated as follows ( Table - 41.5 )
Zs - maximum = 50 / In = 50 ÷ 0.03A = 1666Ω .

 
In ) Rated-current of the contacts . Expressed in amperes . 100A .
IΔn ) Sensitivity . or residual-operating-current . Usuallyexpressed in amperes . 0.03A / 30mA
 
300mA. Fire - protection. against the , initiation of Fire . protection - Degree of protection .

Againstfire : Basics .
Majorityof fires which occur as a result of faulty-wiring , are started by current flowing to earth , Fire can be started by fault-current of less than , 1 - amp .
Overload-protective-devices, such as a circuit-breaker will not detect such a small-current , RCD will detect this fault-current &interrupt the supply ,

 
Accessory : Sockets ,Switches , Ceiling-roses . Lighting. Etc .

(MEIWC )
( Certificate ) may be used for the replacement of equipment such as , Accessories or luminaires.
( Certificate ) include the Addition of : Socket-outlets .
( Certificate ) or Lighting-pointsto an Existing-circuit . therelocation of a light-switch .

Electrical-installation-certificate, ( EIC ) A Safety-certificate . on completion . Once you sign off the certificate , you are taking responsibility for that installation :gettree:

New-installation .
Or changes to an ( Existing-installation)

Thecertificate - confirms that the installation has been :
Designed.
Constructed.

Inspected & Tested . of the work described on the certificate .

PART 4:DECLARATION . ( MEIWC )

I / We CERTIFY that the works do not impair the safety of the existinginstallation, that thesaid works have been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordancewith BS 7671:2008 (IET Wiring Regulations), amended to .................................. (date) andthat the said works, to the best of my / our knowledge and belief, at the time of my / our inspection compliedwith BS 7671 except as detailed in Part 1 above.

Comments on existing installation, includingadequacy of earthing and bonding arrangements (see 132.16)

( MEIWC ) is a certificate of compliance and good - workmanship . by far the easiest way of demonstrating -compliance . BS-7671:2011:

Regulation- 633.1. & 633.2. refer to all alterations and additions , supported by the appropriate-certification.

2394: This can be in the form of , either , Minor-works-certificate(s) or Electrical-installation-certificate(s) .


 
Certification & Reporting

p.390- Electrical Installation Certificate - ( EIC )
Q). if when installing aNew-Consumer-Unit . On the ( EIC ) Certificate , Whichdo you Tick . ? :gettree:

Descriptionand Extent of the installation .
New-installation . □
Addition to an existing-installation . □
Alteration to an existing-installation . □

If New- Build / Installation or a complete re-wire was conducted . Tick - New-installation.

An Addition : this box should be ticked is an existing installation has been modifiedby the addition of on or more new circuits .

Replacementof Consumer-Unit , and reconnection of existingcircuits . Tick - Alteration . - Altered the installation.

 
16[SUP]th[/SUP] Edition , Blastfrom the Past .

Insulation - résistance . ( 713-04-01 )
The insulation-résistance between Live-conductors andbetween each live-conductor and Earth shall be measuredbefore the installation is connected tothe supply .
The PEN - conductor in , TN-C systems shall be considered as part of the earth , Where appropriate during this measurement , Line & Neutral-conductors may beconnected together .

Understanding the relationship between the Two-Issues . 17[SUP]th[/SUP]Edition / 2008 / 2011:

612.3.1. Insulation - Résistance. 713-04-01.
Theinsulation-résistance shall be measured between live-conductors and betweenlive-conductors and the , protective-conductor connected to the earthing-arrangements , Where appropriate during this measurement , Line & Neutral-conductors may beconnected together .

612.3.2. the Insulation - Résistance-measured with thetest-voltages indicated in , Table - 61. shall be considered satisfactory if themain-switchboard and each-distribution-circuit-tested-separately .withall its final-circuits-connected butwith current-using-equipment-disconnected . has an insulation-résistance not less than the appropriate-value given in Table - 61 .

713-04-02 .
the Insulation - Résistance-measured with thetest-voltages indicated in , Table - 71A is 61. shall be considered satisfactory if themain-switchboard and each-distribution-circuit-tested-separately .withall its final-circuits-connected butwith current-using-equipment-disconnected . has an insulation-résistance not less than the appropriate-value given in Table - 71A is 61 .

Contraryto popular believes . Insulation-résistance-tests required by 612.3. are whole-installation . or , at the least , large-section tests .
Single-circuit-testing , has always been in 612.3.1.

 
My mate at the collage , has informedme that . A lot of people are on the understand , a quick fix will save there bacon . Q /As , 2392-10 & 2394 . Etc .

Thefundamental - principles . are at the basic - levels . Understanding first .

BS-7671:2011: States the facts .
GN-3. Guidance . Tells us how-to .
O.S.G. Guidance . Simplicity .

:rant:


2392-10: Q) - Do we test the ( Ze ) at the Origin . or dowe take pot-luck that there in an , Earthing-conductor . Verification.

The complete Earthing-Arrangement of any installation . Has a knock on affect . Protection against Electric-shock . Ief

Before connection of the supply :

Visual Inspection
Continuity of (circuit-protective-conductors ) & Earthing-conductors . ( Have we confirmed we have an Earth ) Continuity


Visual Inspection
Continuity of thering-final-circuits . Three-steps to be taken . ( Have we confirmed we have an Earth ) Continuity

With the supply connected :

Earth-loop-impedance-test, to determine the Quality of your Earthing . ◄◄◄◄◄◄ 612.9

That’swhy the Regulations , have it in a certain-order . for Testing . Verification

Testingof RCDs to check that they do trip at the, correct-time , & current-rating . ( Longbefore this you have confirmed you have Earthing ) 612.10.


Scenario: 612.8.1. for your Exams . Back toBasics . 2394: TN - system . p.193

Compliance with Regulation - 411.4. , The regulations must state the facts . ( Have we confirmed we have an Earth )

1) measurement of the earth-fault-loop-impedance . ETC .

2) verification: of the characteristics and / or the effectiveness of the associated ( Protective-devices )

Circuit-loop-impedance . ( Zs ) or (Ze ) that part of the ,earth-fault-loop-impedance which is external to the installation . ( Have we confirmed we have an Earth )

( Protective-devices ) Overcurrent-protective-devices . Visual Inspection . Etc .
( Protective-devices ) for RCDs , Visual Inspection , and Test .

Q) what comes first .. Verification of Earthing .

(Ze ) at the Origin 313.1. Earthing-conductor . Verification.
Earth-loop-impedance-test, to determine the Qualityof your Earthing 612.9. ( Circuit-loop-impedance ) RCD relies on Earth-fault-protection .

Testingof RCDs to check that they do trip at the, correct-time , & current-rating .612.10.

RCD relies on any fault to Earth . as a primary-means of providing-protection against Electrocution. ( Earth-fault-protection ) That’s why!! , we confirm we have an Earth , First














 
2394: GN-3 . p47 ( is for Guidance )

Explain why it is necessary to verifypolarity . from -&-s

State the procedures for verifying polarity

Polarity testing .

Thepolarity of all circuits must be verified before connection to thesupply , with either an , ohmmeter or the continuity-range of an insulation and continuity-tester . Etc

Alternative, polarity can be verified byvisually-checking core-colours at terminations , thus verifying the installers-connections .Whatever-method is used , polarity-checks are required at all points on a circuit .

Instrument : Use a low-résistance-ohmmeter for these-test . Etc

Itis necessary to check that all fuses andsingle-pole-control and protective-devices are connected in the line-conductor . Thecentre-contact of screw-type-lampholders must be connected to the line-conductor - except E14 , & E27 to BS-EN-60238 .

Note : The continuity-test , Ring-continuity-test , may confirm polarity . Etc . Read up on GN-3 . :gettree:

 
Understandingthe Inspection-process forelectrical-installations : ( You havewritten exams , Yeah ) 2394 .

Inspection: Visual-inspection of main-intake, consumer-units-connections or distribution-board , power-circuits , lighting-circuits , Etc .

• Understanding how to carry out testing and commissioning :

Instrument(s) : Low-résistance-ohmmeters , Insulation-résistance-testers , Earth-fault-loop-impedance-testers, Earth-electrode-résistance-testers , RCD - testers , Phase-rotation-instruments .

Earth-fault-loop-impedance-testers, GN-3 . p.83
These instruments may also offer additional-facilities for deriving-prospective-fault-current ,

Thebasic-measuring-principle isgenerally the same as for , Earth-fault-loop-impedance-testers, Etc

Approved-voltage-indicator, proving-unit , verifying-test-instruments , calibration-procedures , -&-s Use of documentary-evidence.

Statethe tests to be carried out on anelectrical installation in accordance with BS-7671: and IET Guidance Note 3
Identifythe appropriate-instrument for each test to be carried out in terms of :

• The instrument is fit for purpose
• Indentifying the correct scale or setting

GN-3 . Testing-instruments & equipment . p.81

p.82/ 84 .
Low-résistance-ohmmeters - BS-EN-61557-4 .
Insulation-résistance-testers- BS-EN-61557-2 .
Earth-fault-loop-impedance-testers- BS-EN-61557-3 .
Earth-electrode-résistance-testers-
RCD- testers - BS-EN-61557-6
Phase-rotation-instruments - BS-EN-61557-7.

 
Inspection before Testing : “ Polarity “ :gettree:

A Visual-inspection shall be made to verify that theelectrical-installation / equipment as installed is correctly selected and erected in accordancewith BS-7671:2011:

( Written-exams )
 
Statethe effects on insulation-résistance-values that the following can have : 2394:

Cables connected in parallel .
Variationsin cable-length .

Insulation-résistance shall not be lower than , 1.0MΩ for Low-voltage-installation under a test-voltage of , d.c.- 500V . as requested by Table - 61 - Etc.
 
Lengthof Cable :
Theinsulation - résistance of a length of a cable is the resultant of a number ofsmall leakage-paths , of a number ofsmall individual-leakage-paths , or résistance between the conductors and the cable sheath .

Theseleakage-paths are distributed along the cable . Hence , thelonger the cable , the greater the number of leakage-paths and thelower the insulation-résistance .
 
Basic principles when it comes to Insulation Résistance . 2394:

Résistance in , Series the formula is . Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 + R3 + R ……… résistance value will be Higher .

Résistance in , Parallel the formula is. Rt = 1/ ( 1/ R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R ……… ) résistance value will be Lower . :gettree:

Where multiple-circuits are to be tested from the same-distribution-board , or consumer-unit , then the Overall-insulation-résistance can be calculated using the , Parallel formula . 612.3.2.
 
Can anybody help me out here, I passed my 2391 a couple of years agoand am a time served JIB electrician, can I test and sing a condition report for a house I rent out as a legal document.
 
Bycalculations :

Measurementusing an earth-electrode-test-instrument .

GN-3. p.49 Typical-earth-electrode-test using a three or four-terminal-tester. ( three 3 rods )

Three readings are taken .

Example:

Three-measurementsare taken : 79Ω + 85Ω + 80Ω , = 244Ω

-&-s. these must be added together and an average value calculated . total-value of three readings = 244Ω , 244 / 3 = 81.33Ω .

Exercise .

Insulation résistance : Note . that ifthe live-conductors are joined and thentested to earth , insulation-résistance-value may be lower due to theconductors being in parallel .

Three-phase sub-main

L1 to earth is 130MΩ
L2 to earth is 80MΩ
L3 to earth is 50MΩ
N to earth is 100MΩ

Ifthese conductors were now joined and then tested to earth . 1/R[SUP]1[/SUP] + 1/R[SUP]2[/SUP] + 1/R[SUP]3 [/SUP]+ 1/R[SUP]4 [/SUP] + 1/Rt[SUP] [/SUP]( Rt - total )

Values: 1/30 + 1/50 + 1/100 + 1/0.05 = 19.92MΩ

Your calculator has button with [ 1/X ] 130 X-[SUP]1[/SUP] + 80 X-[SUP]1[/SUP] + 50 X-[SUP]1[/SUP] + 100 X-[SUP]1[/SUP] = X-[SUP]1[/SUP] is 19.92MΩ

Note . this value is still acceptable but lower because the conductors are in parallel .

 
Testing:

Thetests indicated in Part - 6 .

Mustbe carried out in order given so that essential-safety-features are proven-first . 612.1 :gettree:
 
Insulation-résistance : Old working Example . “ How to “ 2392-10 . 2394

Between- poles insulation-résistance test onindividual-circuits on a installation .

Lighting - 250MΩ
Ring-final-circuit - 25MΩ
Water heater - 2MΩ
Cooker - 1MΩ
Radial-circuit - 1.14MΩ

Whatwould be the reading taken at the supply-terminals . ( 1/250 = 4. ) <

By calculation . 1/Rt = 1/250 + 1/25 + 1/2 + 1/1 + 1/1.14 . ( 1 ÷ 1.14 = 0.877 )

1/Rt = 0.004 + 0.04 + 0.5 + 0.877 : Rt - total , 1/Rt = 2.421 . therefore :- Rt 1/ 2.421 = 0.41MΩ . not acceptable . :carolers:

 
2392-10 / 2394. taken for the main-forum . I do thank my fellow-members for this information . ◄◄

2392-10 / 2394. Please go into the , Main-forum and ask questions . :gettree:


Howdo I work out the following question; When measuring the insulation resistancebetween live conductors of five existing circuits in the installation thefollowing results were obtained.

185Mohms, 150Mohms, 20Mohms, 200Mohms,2.5Mohms


State

a) the value of the installation resistance ifthese circuits were measured as a whole show calculations.
b) whether the value obtained in a)isacceptable
c) which further test would be requiredto complete the insulation resistance testing
d) the minimum acceptablevalue from BS 7671:2008 ( 1M ) table - 61
e) any observations to be made to theclient following the test


1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4
1/Rt = 1/185 + 1/150 + 1/20+ 1/200 + 1/2.5
1/Rt = 0.005 + 0.007 + 0.05 + 0.005 + 0.4
1/Rt = 0.467
Rt = 1/0.467


Rt = 2.14 Megohms

Value is acceptable.

c) Insulation-résistance-test betweenlive conductors and earth (cpc)
d) 1Mohm
e) the 2.5 value while acceptable isvery low and would require further investigation if it is a new installation ;if it is an old installation it could be a sign that it is soon going to needrewiring.


 
thetotal résistance with three-resistors.

R[SUP]1[/SUP] = 10Ω, R[SUP]2[/SUP] = 20Ω, R[SUP]3[/SUP] = 30Ω,

R[SUP]1[/SUP] = 1 /( 10Ω ) + 1 / ( 20Ω ) + 1 / ( 30Ω ) = 0.183 ( 1/Ω )

R = 1/ 0.183Ω = 5.46Ω

Parallel-path-résistance.

 
( Rt) means , total-résistance of the circuit . :gettree:


From collage notes .

Additionof resistances in Parallel .
Three-resistances connected in Parallel across a supply

1 = 1[SUP]1[/SUP] + 1[SUP]2[/SUP] + 1[SUP]3[/SUP] . if we now use Ohms-law to convert , 1 to V/R .

V/R = V/R[SUP]1[/SUP] + V/R[SUP]2[/SUP] + V/R[SUP]3 [/SUP]

Dividing right - through by ( V )

V/V.R = V/ V.R [SUP]1[/SUP] = V/V.R[SUP]2[/SUP] + V/V.R[SUP]3 [/SUP]

( V ) cancels out , Leaving .

1/R = 1/R[SUP]1[/SUP] + 1/R [SUP]2[/SUP]+ 1/R[SUP]3[/SUP] + ….

By calculation . Total-résistance .

1/R = 1/R[SUP]1[/SUP] + 1/R[SUP]2[/SUP] + 1/R[SUP]3[/SUP] . 1/R = 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/2 .

1/R = 0.25 + 1.125 + 0.5 .

1/R = 0.875 : Transporting. R = 1 / 0.875 = 1.143Ω
 
Test Instruments :

To comply with Regulation- 612.1. test instruments must be chosen according to the relevant-partsof BS-EN-61557 :

Residual-current-devices - Test-instruments . 612.8.1. and 612.10 require the use of an RCD - test-instrument to BS-EN-61557-6 , part - 6
To test the operation RCDs used for , fault-protection and additional-protection , respectively . :carols:



 

Q) Identify the British-Standard for electrical-test-instruments that are to be used by the test-engineer to obtain-measurement-values on circuits within an installation .

BS-EN-61557.



Q)2392 / 2394: list the Three-stages in a new-installation when inspection & Testing should be carried-out . 610.1. Initial-Verification :gettree:



During-erection.

On-completion

Before being put into-service .
 
Non-Statutory :

Guidance-Notes , are published by the IET are intended to be “ Explanationsof the requirements of BS-7671:2008:2011:

Guidance-Notes , are for “ GuidanceOnly , theymust not be used independently of BS-7671:2008:2011: for ensuring-compliance .

Guidance-Note - 3 , is based upon the , requirements of Part- 6 in BS-7671:2008:2011:

As part of the competence-requirement , the Inspector must have a sound-working-knowledge of the, test-methods as described in the Guidance-Note .

It provides details of the methods to beused for carrying out the tests as required by BS-7671:2008:2011: for both :

New-installations . ( EIC ) or ( MEIWC )
Existing-installations . ( EICR ) Condition-Report

( EIC , is to be used only for the ,initial-certification of a new-installation . 2392-10 / 2394 :
) for an addition or alteration to an Existing-installation , where new circuits have been introduced .

The “ Verification “ of Electrical-Installations.
All measures by means of which compliance of theelectrical-installation with the relevant-requirements of BS-7671:2008:2011: are confirmed.

A “ Duty ofCare “ responsibility makes the Inspector a “ DutyHolder “ for the duration of the inspection andtesting-process .
The “ Titlein Law “ placedupon the Inspector is that of “ Duty Holder

Inspector :
BS-7671:2008:2011: requires the inspection andtesting shall be carried out by a competent-person.

Regards to “ Verification

- Sufficient-technical-knowledge. fully-versed in the inspection andtesting-requirements contained in BS-7671:2008:2011:

Relevant-practical-skills :
- have sufficient-practical-skill to carry out the ,inspection and test-procedures outlinedin Guidance-Note - 3

Experience with regards to the type of electrical-work undertaken : and employ

Appropriate testing-equipment :
Instrument(s) used in the testing-process , where the values are to be recorded in the schedule of test-results , must comply with the appropriate-parts of BS-EN-61557 .

611.1. Precautions for working on equipment made-dead .

Isolation : requires thatinspection shall be carried out beforethe testing-process-commences and shallnormally be done with the part of theinstallation being inspected-isolated from thesupply .

611.1. Installation is securely and securely-isolated prior to this-process being-undertaken

- Indentify the point of Isolation .
- Confirm with the client that it is safe to Isolate .

Regulation - 537.2.2.4.. p.151. requires .
That provision should be made for securing OFF Load-isolating-devices against , inadvertent or unintentional-opening . Etc.

Where Circuit-breakers are to be used as the ( Isolating-device ) then dedicated ( Locking OFF Devices ) with unique keys or combinations should be used . :christmaswreath:


 
Instrument Calibration: Calibration is not a warranty or a statement of how-long the instrument will remain-accurate . :gettree:

Instrument(s) regarding the Inspector in BS-7671:2008:2011: isthat you must employ adequate-testing-equipment . !!
Instrument(s) generally be split up into five-separate-categories.

Indicate thepresence of voltage .
Measure - voltage .
Measure - current .
Measure - résistance .
Measure - time .


 
Effects of length upon conductor-résistance . Basics . :gettree:

The résistance of a conductor is directly-proportional to its length . short piece of cable - Length - résistance . 5Ω
2 x Length : if length is doubled ( 2 x length ) then the résistance will increase by the same-factor , résistance = 10Ω

Résistance of a 60m length of cable is ( 4Ω) if the length of the cable wasreduced by ( 25% determine the résistance )

New - Length : 75% of 60m = 45m
New - résistance : 4 x new - length / original - length , = 45 / 60 = 3Ω . ( 4 x 45 ÷ 60 = 3Ω )

Cable -Length :

Résistance ofa 50m length of conductor is 0.1Ω . determine the résistance of 200m of the same-conductor ?
New - résistance : 0.1 x 200 / 50 = 0.4Ω

The effects of (C.S.A. ) upon conductor-résistance.
The résistance of a conductor is inversely-proportional to its (C.S.A. ) 25mm[SUP]2[/SUP]

If the cross-sectional-area is , Doubled then the résistance is ( Halved)

50mm[SUP]2[/SUP] Unknown-cable-résistance , = themeasured-résistance , x Original - C.S.A. / New - C.S.A.
Résistance of a length of 4.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] cable is 0.6Ω , whatwould be the résistance of a 6.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] cable if the length remained the same ?

New - résistance = 0.6 x original-cable-size / new-cable-size , 0.6 x 4.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] / 6.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] = 0.4Ω [ 0.6 x 0.4 ÷ 0.6 = 0.4Ω ]

The résistance of alength of 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] is 0.2Ω. what would be the résistance of a 4.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] conductor of the same-length ?
2 x original-cable-size / new-cable-size , = 0.2 x 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] - 4.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] = 0.05Ω [ 0.2 x 0.1 = 0.02 ÷ 0.4 = 0.05Ω ]



 
Basics . Some - facts

What does not changewith the increase in , temperature isits Length .

Consider - 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] ( 20°C / 100m )

The résistance /metre , for 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] PVC -insulated-copper-conductors at 20°C . is 18.10 milli-ohms / metre :

O.S.G. Table - 11 . p.182 . 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] - is 18.10 milli-ohms / metre

Therefore : thetotal-résistance of the cable shown , = 100 x 18.1 / 1000 = 1.81Ω

The résistance / metre for 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] PVC -insulated-copper-conductors at 25°C is 18.1 milli-ohms/ metre x 1.02 .

Therefore : thetotal-résistance of the cable at 25°C = 100 x 18.1 x 1.02 / 1000 = 1.846Ω

The table -provided in the O.S.G. gives the résistance / metre for PVC - insulated-copper-conductors, & of ( R[SUP]1[/SUP]+ R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) per / metre at 20°C in milli - ohms / metre . Where ( R[SUP]1[/SUP] ) is the line-conductor , & ( R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) is the circuit-protective-conductor . Etc.


 
Basics .

The effects of Temperature , upon conductor-résistance .
Copper : has a positive-temperature-coefficient, the warmer the cable the higher its - résistance . :gettree:

The résistance :tables for conductor-sizes are based upon an ( Ambient temperature ) of ( 20°C ) and the résistance ofcopper-increases by ( 0.004Ω ) per - degree-rise .

If a coil ofcables-temperature-increases by ( 5°C ) the corresponding-increase in résistance will be ( 0.02Ω ) 5 x 0.004 = 0.02

Value of résistance / metre for PVC - insulated-copper-conductors & of ( R[SUP]1[/SUP] + R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) per/ metre at ( 20°C ) in milli - ohms / metre . O.S.G. - Table - 11 . p.182

Where the résistance of a cable is measured at an ( Ambient temperature ) otherthan of ( 20°C ) and the length is required , a correction/factor must be used .

It must be ensured that when thecircuit-0length . etc needs to beobtained , the values used in the calculations must be at the same-temperature .i.e. either .

Change the values in the résistance table at ( 20°C ) to whatever temperature the résistance-measurement was taken at . O.S.G. table 12 . p.183

GN-3 . P.121 . Table- B2
Expected - ambient-temperature ( °C ) Correction - factor *

5°C - 0.94
10°C - 0.96
15°C - 0.98
20°C - 1.00
25°C - 1.02
30°C - 1.04
35°C - 1.06
40°C - 1.08

Or - change the résistance-measurement , from whatever - temperature it wasmeasured at , to (20°C )
 
Basics .

Continuity Measurement :
Calculate ( Assuming the ambient - temperature to be ( 20°C ) the résistanceof the measured - lengths of cable in table- 11 - O.S.G. p.182 .

Scenario : Cable on Coil . !!

1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] . Measured-length ( M ) 24 , Cable-résistance mΩ/M - 18.1 , Cable-résistance Ω/M - 0.0181 x 24 , Cable-résistance - Ω 0.434 .
1.5mm[SUP]2[/SUP] . Measured-length ( M ) 36 , Cable-résistance mΩ/M - 12.1 , Cable-résistance Ω/M - 0.0121 x 36 , Cable-résistance- Ω 0.435 .
2.5mm[SUP]2[/SUP] . Measured-length ( M ) 44 , Cable-résistance mΩ/M - 7.41 , Cable-résistance Ω/M - 0.00741 x 44 , Cable-résistance - Ω 0.326 .
4.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] . Measured-length ( M ) 52 , Cable-résistance mΩ/M - 4.6 , Cable-résistance Ω/M - 0.00461 x 52 , Cable-résistance - Ω 0.239 .

1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] . = 18.1 mΩ/M . 0.018 Ω/M

Total - résistance . = 24 x 0.018 = 0.432Ω :carolers:

 
Q) from the measurement taken of the 1.5mm[SUP]2[/SUP] / 1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] T&E cable .
Determine :

The résistance of the Neutral-conductor .
The résistance of the Circuit-protective-conductor .
The maximum ( R[SUP]1[/SUP]+ R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) value of the circuit .
The Length ofthe cable-connecting theoutlet-point to the consumer-unit .

Megger - 1552 . reading off , Socket-outlet . 1.2Ω / L & N

By - Calculations
1.5mm[SUP]2[/SUP] = 12.1 mΩ/M
1.0mm[SUP]2[/SUP] = 18.1 mΩ/M

Line - loop = 12.1 mΩ/M
Neutral -loop = 12.1 mΩ/M
L + N = 24.2 mΩ/M ,
= 0.024 Ω/M

 
Unknown -cable -résistance . = the measured-résistance x original C.S.A. / new C.S.A. .

Solution .

The résistance of the neutral-conductor = 1.2 / 2 = 0.6Ω
The résistance of the circuit=protective-conductor - ( R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) = 0.6 x 1.5 / 1 = 0.9Ω

The maximum ( R[SUP]1[/SUP]+ R[SUP]2[/SUP] ) of thecircuit = 0.6 + 0.9 = 1.5Ω

Cable - length . = measured-résistance of the Line and Neutral - loop / the résistance in Ω/M of the L & N - conductors . = 1.2 / 0.024 = 50M :gettree:





 
From old notes , ► 2008 . Useful-junk .

( Line & Neutral - conductor - 1.5mm[SUP]2 [/SUP] / 1.5mm[SUP]2 [/SUP] = 24.20 ) O.S.G. 24.2


Three-phase-board

Determine whether the circuit-complies with thevoltage-drop requirements in Appendix - 12, ► moved Appendix - 4 sec 6.4. 421

Circuit- 4L1 - 6A , lighting-circuit supplyinga large-number of lighting-points is supplied via a , 1.5mm[SUP]2 [/SUP] T&E & CPC .
Line / Neutral , loop=measurement at the ceiling-rose = 0.82Ω

( Ipsc ) on the brown-phase = 1.15kA

Thevoltage-drop on a lighting-circuit = 3% of 230V = 6.9V .
Three-factors need to be taken into account .

i). The mV/A/M of the cable .

i.e.. 29 mV/A/M from tables in Appendix - 4 .
ii). the design-current ( Ib )
can be calculated or . the rating of the protective-device may be used .

regulation- 433.1.1. requires that the rating of the protective-device ( In) p.73 . p.81. must not be less than that of the design-current ( Ib) by substituting ( In) for ( Ib ) in the calculation, the maximum-voltage-drop can be calculated .

if this is in compliance then the actual-voltage-drop must also be in compliance .

iii). the circuit-length ( L )
the prospective-short-circuit-current is given as 1.15kA , ( 1150A )
the résistance of the , L / N loop-external to the installation , = 230V / 1150A = 0.2Ω

therésistance of the , L / N -conductors from the supply to the remote-end of the circuit , = 0.82 sub 0.2 = 0.62Ω

Now from , O.S.G. p.182 - Table - 11 . 24.2 milli-ohms per / metre = 0.024 ohms-per-metre .
Therefore:- Circuit-length = 0.62 / 0.024 = 25.8M

The circuits maximum-voltage = ( mV/A/L) x Ib x L / 1000 , = 29 x 6 x 25.8 / 1000 = 4.49V

Q). does the circuit complies . :christmastree1:


 
From my old-notes . ◄◄ Useful-junk . PS its only a leaning-curve . by calculations Only .

Selecting the rated-residual-operating-current of an RCD .

Q). if the measured-earth-loop-impedance on a TT - system was , 150Ω

Determine the maximum-residual-operating-current of the RCD to be installed at thesupply-intake .

Regulation 411.5.3 . Ra x IΔn ≤ 50 : IΔn ≤ 50 /Ra : = 50 ÷ 150 = 0.33A = 330mA .

The RCDs rating must not-exceed 330mA .

Therefore: an RCD with a rated-residual-operating-current of 300mA would be acceptable . ( used only as leaning-curve )

 
Inspection : Examination of an electrical-installation using all the senses as appropriate . :icon_bs:
Q/As
Function-testing: Senses Used .
Visual,
Touch,
Hearing.

Q) An RCD is to be used in aninstallation for protection against the risk of fire , State the maximum-rating of the RCD , 300mA .

State : themaximum-disconnection-time of the device.

Within 300mS , if the RCD is to BS-EN-61008-1 or BS-EN-61009-1
Or ,
Within 200mS if the RCD is to BS-4293 .
 
415.1.1. - for Additional-protection only . just showing you the regulation number.

Q). State : themaximum-rating of the RCD ,
The maximum-disconnection-time and the applied-test-current as required by Regulation - 415.1.1.

Maximum-rating 30mA .
Maximum-disconnection-time . 40mS
Maximum-test-current up to five-times the maximum-rating .
 
Q) Describe how you would carry out aninsulation-resistance-test on a circuit with a Neon-indicator-present . Couldthis come up , Written-exams :gettree:

Limitation : No-insulation-résistance-tests were carried-out between Live-conductors after the point of local-isolation .

Neon-indicator - Switch-closed, Line & circuit-protective-conductor , Neutral & circuit-protective-conductor ,


Neon-indicator - ( Whatnot to do ) Switch-open , Line & circuit-protective-conductor ,

Neon-indicator will adversely affect the result of the test ,

Thepresence of the Neon-indicator can influence the measured-insulation-résistance. typical-résistance of an indicator is approximately 200kΩ or 0.2MΩ


Basic Theory : the effectsof circuit-length on insulation-résistance
The insulation-résistance of a cable ( Decreases ) as its ( Length-increases)

Thelength is doubled the insulation-résistance ( Decreasesby half ) the change in insulation-résistance is inversely-proportional to change in the ( Length)

Basic Theory :
Total-combined-résistance of the circuits within a ? Distribution-board or Consumer-unit ,( Decreases ) asthe total-number of circuits-increases .

The résistance does not increase or decrease-proportionally to the number of circuits . installed-cables are of different-types and differing-cross-sectional-areas .
Circuit-lengths will vary as will the number ofoutlet-point per-circuit . ( All these-factors when combined affect the insulation-résistance )

Basic Theory :
Whetherthe installation is single or three-phase, only Two-insulation-résistance-tests are required
Between Live-conductors . - Neutral is a live-conductor . L / N
Between Live-conductors and Earth. L / N & E .

 
Toavoid things going pear-shape .

Insulation-résistance.

Where the circuit-includes electronic-devices such as :
Smoke-detectors . whichcould-damage , Neon-indictors , that could influence thetest-results . Only a measurement between Live-conductors, connected together to Earth needbe made .

Re-cap.

612.3.3.
Where the circuit includes electronic-devices whichare likely to influence the results or be damaged , only a measurement between the , Live-conductors connected together and the earthing-arrangemernt shall be made .

The Regulations have stated the-facts

NOTE : Additional-precautions, such as disconnection , may be necessary to avoid-damage to electronic-devices . :17:
 
Old-Notes.

Insulation-résistance :

Main-switch in the On-position and all circuit-breakers - Closed .
Three-phase .

Step- 1 :
Test between L1 and Neutral .
Test between L2 and Neutral .
Test between L3 and Neutral .

Step- 2 :
Now test between
L1 and L3
And then
L2 and L3

Step- 3 :
Finally test between L1 and L2.

Record the Lowest-measured-value .
 

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